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目前显示的是标签为“Diffusion”的博文

Solid-State Reaction and Vacancy-Type Defects in Bilayer Fe/Hf Studied by the Slow Positron Beam

Read  full  paper  at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53699#.VM85lSzQrzE Author(s)    Yamada 1 , T. Sasaki 1 , T. Nagata 1 , I. Kanazawa 1* , R. Suzuki 2 , T. Ohdaira 2 , K. Nozawa 3 , F. Komori 3   Affiliation(s) 1 Department of Physics, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan . 2 The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan . 3 Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan . ABSTRACT The positron annihilation lifetimes and the Doppler broadening by slow positron beam are measured in thin Fe films with thickness 500 nm, a thin Hf film with thickness 100 nm, and the bilayer Fe (50 nm)/Hf (50 nm) on quartz glass substrate. We have analyzed the behavior in vacancy-type defects in each layer through some deposition temperatures and annealing. It is observed that the thin Fe film, the thin Hf film, and the bilayer Fe (50 nm)/Hf (50 nm) already con...

Electric Field of the Ocean Induced by Diffusion

Read  full  paper  at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53432#.VMWoOSzQrzE Author(s)    Pavel Tishchenko *   Affiliation(s) Laboratory of Hydrochemistry, V.Il’ichev Pacific Oceanological Institute, Vladivostok, Russia . ABSTRACT The equations for gradient of electric field in seawater induced by gradients of salinity, temperature and pressure were developed by means of non-equilibrium thermodynamics. Extrathermodynamic assumptions and accepted chemical model of seawater permit to carry out numerical calculations of electric field caused by diffusion, thermodiffusion and barodiffusion for realistic hydrophysical structure of the ocean. It is shown that contribution of barodiffusion into electric field of the ocean is almost constant (about -3 × 10 -7 V/M). This magnitude can be ignored in many cases because it is too small. However natural salinity and temperature gradients significantly impact into ...

Ammonia Diffusion Phenomena through NalophanTM Bags Used for Olfactometric Analyses

Read full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48988#.VJd83cCAM4 Author(s) Selena Sironi , Lidia Eusebio , Laura Capelli , Emanuela Boiardi , Renato Del Rosso , Jean-Michel Guillot Affiliation(s) Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy . Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy . Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy . Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy . Department of Chemistry, Materials and Chemical Engineering “Giulio Natta”, Politecnico di Milano, Milano, Italy . Laboratory of Industrial Environment Engineering, Ecole des Mines d’Alès, Alès cedex, France . ABSTRACT The am...

Social Institutional Influence on Fisheries in Two Fishing Communities in the Volta Lake in Ghana

Read full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50321#.VDXoGFfHRK0 Author(s)     Marian Adwowa Amu-Mensah 1 , Frederick K. Amu-Mensah 1 , Edward K. Abban 2 Affiliation(s) 1 Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Water Research Institute (WRI), Accra, Ghana . 2 Intelligence Nature International (INI), Accra, Ghana . ABSTRACT Social institutions are one of the most important institutions in communities, especially in rural areas, where decision making depends on the chief, his elders or opinion leaders in the community. The study looked at the hindrances and catalysts they presented, to the introduction of an innovation (fish cage culture) and its acceptance. The paper, presents how...