Read full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53426#.VMG_1CzQrzE Author(s) Mahmoud Abd Rabbou , Ahmed El-Rabbany Affiliation(s) Department of Civil Engineering, Ryerson University, Toronto, Canada . ABSTRACT Commonly, kinematic PPP techniques employ un-differenced ionosphere-free linear combination of GPS observations. This, however, may not provide continuous solution in urban areas as a result of limited satellite visibility. In this paper, the traditional un-differenced as well as between-satellite single-difference (BSSD) ionosphere-free linear combinations of GPS and GLONASS measurements are developed. Except GLONASS satellite clock products, the final precise GPS and GLONASS satellites clock and orbital products obtained from the multi-GNSS experiment (MGEX) are used. The effects of ocean loading, earth tide, carrier-phase windup, sagnac, relativity, and satellite and receiver antenna p...
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