跳至主要内容

Solid-State Reaction and Vacancy-Type Defects in Bilayer Fe/Hf Studied by the Slow Positron Beam

Read  full  paper  at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53699#.VM85lSzQrzE

Author(s)  
  1. Yamada1, T. Sasaki1, T. Nagata1, I. Kanazawa1*, R. Suzuki2, T. Ohdaira2, K. Nozawa3, F. Komori3
  2.  
Affiliation(s)
1Department of Physics, Tokyo Gakugei University, Tokyo, Japan.
2The National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Ibaraki, Japan.
3Institute of Solid State Physics, University of Tokyo, Chiba, Japan.

ABSTRACT
The positron annihilation lifetimes and the Doppler broadening by slow positron beam are measured in thin Fe films with thickness 500 nm, a thin Hf film with thickness 100 nm, and the bilayer Fe (50 nm)/Hf (50 nm) on quartz glass substrate. We have analyzed the behavior in vacancy-type defects in each layer through some deposition temperatures and annealing. It is observed that the thin Fe film, the thin Hf film, and the bilayer Fe (50 nm)/Hf (50 nm) already contain many vacancy-type defects. We have investigated the change of densities of the vacancy-carbon complex and the small vacancy-cluster with carbons, through solid-state amorphization of Fe (50 nm)/Hf (50 nm) bilayer.

KEYWORDS
Metallic Films, Positron Annihilation Measurement, Solid-State Reaction, Fe Film, Diffusion, Vacancy-Type Defects

Cite this paper
Yamada, K. , Sasaki, T. , Nagata, T. , Kanazawa, I. , Suzuki, R. , Ohdaira, T. , Nozawa, K. and Komori, F. (2015) Solid-State Reaction and Vacancy-Type Defects in Bilayer Fe/Hf Studied by the Slow Positron Beam. Journal of Applied Mathematics and Physics, 3, 233-239. doi: 10.4236/jamp.2015.32034.

References
[1]Schwarz, R.B. and Johnson, W.L. (1983) A Comparative Study of MR Imaging Profile of Titanium Pedicle Screws. Phys. Rev. Lett., 51, 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.51.415
 
[2]Koch, C.C., Calxin, O.B., McCamey, C.G. and Scarbrough, J.O. (1983) Preparation of “Amorphous” Ni60Nb40 by Mechanical Alloying. Appl. Phys. Lett., 43, 1017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.94213
 
[3]Weeber, A.W. and Bakker, H. (1988) Amorphization by Ball Milling. A Review. Physica B, 153, 93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0921-4526(88)90038-5
 
[4]Samwer, K. (1988) Amorphisation in Solid Metallic Systems. Phys. Rep., 161, 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(88)90006-3
 
[5]Oguchi, T., Kanazawa, I., Iwashita, T., Soe, W., Yamaguchi, A. and Yamamoto, R. (1992) Solid State Amorphization in Cu-Hf Multilayers Studied by Time-Differential Per-turbed-Angular Correlation. J. Non-Cryst. Solids., 150, 448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-3093(92)90170-O
 
[6]Yamamoto, Y., Matsubara, H., Yamaguchi, M., Oguchi, T., Kanazawa, I., Iwashita, T., Ito, Y., Takamura, S., Soe, W., Yamaguchi, A. and Yamamoto, R. (1993) Cu-Hf Multilayers Studied by Slow Positron Beam and Time Differential Perturbed Angular Correlation. J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 126, 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-8853(93)90573-K
 
[7]Matsubara, H., Yamamoto, Y., Kanazawa, I., Iwashita, T., Ito, Y., Takamura, S., Soe, W. and Yamamoto, R. (1994) Studies of Multilayers of Cu-Hf with a Variable-Energy Positron Beam. Hyperfine Interaction, 84, 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02060657
 
[8]Oshima, N., Nakajyo, T., Kanazawa, I., Iwashita, T., Ito, Y., Soe, W. and Yamamoto, R. (1995) Multilayered Ni/Hf and Solid-State Amorphization Studied Using the Slow Positron Beam Technique. Appl. Surf. Sci., 85, 329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(94)00354-8
 
[9]Watanabe, Y., Oura, H. and Onozato, N. (1990) Magnetic Properties of Fe-Ta-N-O Film with High Saturation Flux Density. IEEE Trans. Magn., 26, 1500. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.104429
 
[10]Hasegawa, N. and Saito, M. (1990) Soft Magnetic Properties of Microcrys-talline Fe-M-C (M=V, Nb, Ta) Films with High Thermal Stability. J. Magn. Soc. Jpn., 14, 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3379/jmsjmag.14.313
 
[11]Taneko, N., Shimada, Y., Fukamichi, K. and Miyakawa, C. (1991) Fa-brication of Fe-Zr-N Films with Very Low Coercivity. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 30, L195. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.30.L195
 
[12]Hasegawa, N., Kataoka, N., Fujimori, H. and Saito, M. (1991) Structural and Soft Magnetic Properties of Fe/Fe-Hf-C Multilayered Films with the High B s and Thermal Stability. J. Appl. Phys., 70, 6253. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.349983
 
[13]Hoffmann, H. (1964) Quantitative Calculation of the Magnetic Ripple of Un-iaxial Thin Permalloy Films. J. Appl. Phys., 35, 1790. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1713743
 
[14]Herzer, G. (1990) Grain Size Dependence of Coercivity and Permeability in Nanocrystalline Ferromagnets. IEEE Trans. Magn., 26, 1397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/20.104389
 
[15]Schultz, P.J. and Lynn, K.G. (1988) Interaction of Positron Beams with Surfaces, Thin Films, and Interfaces. Rev. Mod. Phys, 60, 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.60.701
 
[16]Murashige, Y., Tashiro, M., Nakajyo, T., Koizumi, T., Kanazawa, I., Komori, F. and Ito, Y. (1997) The Multilayer Fe/Hf Studied with Slow Positron Beam. Appl. Surf. Sci., 113-114, 169. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(96)00844-6
 
[17]Tashiro, M., Nakajyo, T., Murashige, Y., Koizumi, T., Kana-zawa, I., Komori, F., Soe, W., Yamamoto, R. and Ito, Y. (1997) The Study of Multilayers Fe/Hf and Ni/Hf by Slow Positron Beam Technique. Appl. Surf. Sci., 116, 263. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(96)01066-5
 
[18]Ohtaki, H., Koizumi, T., Iwamoto, A., Kanazawa, I., Komori, F. and Ito, Y. (1998) The Study of Amorphization in Multilayer Fe/Hf with Slow Positron Beam. Appl. Surf. Sci., 130-132, 828. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-4332(98)00161-5
 
[19]Nagata, T., Ozaki, A., Terashima, Y., Kanazawa, I., Suzuki, R., Ohdaira, T., Komori, F. and Ito, Y. (2000) Solid-State Amorphization in Multilayer Fe/Hf Studied by Slow Positrons. Nucl. Instrument Method. Phys. Research B, 170, 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0168-583X(00)00162-2
 
[20]Takagi, K., Furukawa, N., Kanazawa, I., Suzuki, R. and Oh-daira, T. (2002) Formation of Hydrogen-Induced Vacancies during Growth of the Fe Layer Studied by Slow Positron Beam. Surf. Sci., 514, 298. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0039-6028(02)01644-8
 
[21]Suzuki, H., Azami, K., Komagata, S., Kanazawa, I., Suzuki, R. and Ohdaira, T. (2010) Diffusion of Positrons in Polymers Studied by Slow Positron Beam. J. Phys. CS, 225, 012053.
 
[22]Suzuki, R., Kobayashi, Y., Mikado, T., Ohgaki, H., Chiwaki, M., Yamazaki, T. and Tomimasu, T. (1991) Slow Positron Pulsing System for Variable Energy Positron Lifetime Spectroscopy. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 30, L532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/JJAP.30.L532
 
[23]Kirkegaard, P., Eldrup, M., Mogensen, O.E. and Pedersen, N.J. (1981) Program System for Analysing Positron Lifetime Spectra and Angular Correlation Curves. Comput. Phys. Commun., 23, 307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-4655(81)90006-0
 
[24]Ghosh, V.J. (1995) Positron Implantation Profiles in Elemental and Multilayer Systems. Appl. Surf. Sci., 85, 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(94)00331-9
 
[25]Aers, G.C., Marshall, P.A., Leung, T.C. and Goldberg, R.D. (1995) Defect Profiling in Multilayered Systems Using Mean Depth Scaling. Appl. Surf. Sci., 85, 196. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0169-4332(94)00332-7
 
[26]Puska, M.J. and Nieminen, R.M. (1994) Theory of Positrons in Solids and on Solid Surfaces. Rev. Mod. Phys., 66, 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/RevModPhys.66.841
 
[27]Nieminen, M.R. and Puska, M.J. (1982) Defect Spectroscopy with Positrons: Calculations. Coleman, P.G., Sharma, S.C. and Dian, L.M., Eds., Proc. 6th Int. Conf. Positron Annihilation, North-Holland Pub, 395.
 
[28]Kamimura, Y., Tsutsumi, T. and Kuramoto, E. (1995) Calculations of Positron Lifetimes in a Jog and Vacancies on an Edge-Dislocation Line in Fe. Phys. Rev. B, 52, 879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.52.879
 
[29]Hautoj?rvi, P., Johansson, J., Vehanen, A., Yli-Kauppila, J. and Moser, P. (1980) Vacancy-Carbon Interaction in Iron. Phys. Rev. Lett., 44, 1326. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevLett.44.1326
 
[30]Vehanen, A., Hautoj?rvi, P., Johansson, J., Yli-Kauppila, J. and Moser, P. (1982) Vacancies and Carbon Impurities in α-Iron: Electron Irradiation. Phys. Rev. B, 25, 762. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.25.762
 
[31]Tanigawa, S., Hinode, K., Owada, N., Doyama, M. and Okuda, S. (1979) The Studies of Recovery of Irradiated Iron by Positron Annihilation. Hasiguchi, R.R. and Fujiwara, K., Proc. 5th Int. Conf. Positron Annihilation, Japan Institute of Metals, Sendai, 501.
 
[32]Hautoj?rvi, P., Judin, T., Vehanen, A., Yli-Kauppila, J., Johansson, J., Verdone, J. and Moser, P. (1979) Annealing of Vacancies in Electron-Irradiated α-Iron. Solid State Commun., 29, 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0038-1098(79)90507-6
 
[33]Hettich, G., Mehrer, H. and Maier, K. (1977) Self-Diffusion in Ferromagnetic α-Iron. Scripta Met., 11, 795. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0036-9748(77)90078-3                                               eww150202lx

评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...