Cholera is an infectious disease that
causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if
untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a
bacterium called Vibrio cholerae. This
disease is most common in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and
famine and continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and
mortality among children and adults in developing countries.
Vaccine against
cholera is an approach in the control of this epidemic and pandemic disease.
From the development of very early oral cholera vaccine, advances in vaccine
development documented due to a good illustration of the epidemiology, outbreak
strategy, and pathophysiology of the disease causing pathogen. The
newer-generation oral cholera vaccines are safe and guarantee a high level of
protection during outbreak settings for several years. Yet infants and young
children in developing countries are hyporesponsive to vaccines and show poor
protection against cholera.
In this review, the
authors survey and analyze current knowledge on the etiology of cholera, its
clinical manifestation, global epidemiology and elaborate the vaccine
candidates, which are effective against the pathogen and the corresponding
immune responses to the available vaccines. The review comprehensively covers
the salient features of recent discoveries related to Vibrio cholerae virulence,
past and present vaccine candidates and their advantages and disadvantages with
their development strategies. The findings suggest that the advances that have
been included in this review will give a comprehensive insight to the prevention
and control of cholera outbreaks and development of effective cholera vaccines.
In conclusion, establishment
of an adequate sanitation and potable-water system is the most complete way to
prevent and limit the spread of cholera. The promotion of WASH (water,
sanitation and hygiene) practices, the creation of rehydration centres, the use
of antibiotics, and the training of health personnel could drastically reduce
cholera-associated mortality. Further follow-up will be required to ascertain
the duration of protection conferred by recently developed cholera vaccines in
children and adults.
Article by Tania Rahman, et al, from Australia and Italy.
Full access: http://t.cn/EUs24Yt
Image by Research Institute, from
Flickr-cc.
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