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Lessons from Vibrio Pathogen and the Comparative Study of Vaccines Developed

Cholera is an infectious disease that causes severe watery diarrhea, which can lead to dehydration and even death if untreated. It is caused by eating food or drinking water contaminated with a bacterium called Vibrio cholerae. This disease is most common in places with poor sanitation, crowding, war, and famine and continues to be one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality among children and adults in developing countries.

Vaccine against cholera is an approach in the control of this epidemic and pandemic disease. From the development of very early oral cholera vaccine, advances in vaccine development documented due to a good illustration of the epidemiology, outbreak strategy, and pathophysiology of the disease causing pathogen. The newer-generation oral cholera vaccines are safe and guarantee a high level of protection during outbreak settings for several years. Yet infants and young children in developing countries are hyporesponsive to vaccines and show poor protection against cholera.

In this review, the authors survey and analyze current knowledge on the etiology of cholera, its clinical manifestation, global epidemiology and elaborate the vaccine candidates, which are effective against the pathogen and the corresponding immune responses to the available vaccines. The review comprehensively covers the salient features of recent discoveries related to Vibrio cholerae virulence, past and present vaccine candidates and their advantages and disadvantages with their development strategies. The findings suggest that the advances that have been included in this review will give a comprehensive insight to the prevention and control of cholera outbreaks and development of effective cholera vaccines.

In conclusion, establishment of an adequate sanitation and potable-water system is the most complete way to prevent and limit the spread of cholera. The promotion of WASH (water, sanitation and hygiene) practices, the creation of rehydration centres, the use of antibiotics, and the training of health personnel could drastically reduce cholera-associated mortality. Further follow-up will be required to ascertain the duration of protection conferred by recently developed cholera vaccines in children and adults.

Article by Tania Rahman, et al, from Australia and Italy.

Full access: http://t.cn/EUs24Yt
Image by Research Institute, from Flickr-cc.

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