Clozapine (CZP) is a second-generation
atypical antipsychotic drug used to treat many schizophrenia symptoms, such as
positive symptoms, negative symptoms, and recognition disorders. The major side
effects of CZP are weight gain and diabetes mellitus, which are risk factors
for cardiovascular diseases. However, its mechanism remains unclear.
Curcumin (CUR), a
nutraceutical and pharmaceutical substance, is the active ingredient in
turmeric, a well-known Indian spice derived from the dried roots of the Curcuma longa plant. The effects of CUR in metabolic syndrome have been studied in several
clinical trials. In these trials,
CUR improved the lipid profiles and modified the cholesterol-related parameters
of the subjects. Furthermore, CUR can improve anthropometric measurements and
body composition when taken as part of the diet together with the
implementation of appropriate lifestyle interventions.
Adipogenesis is the
process of cell differentiation by which pre-adipocytes become adipocytes.
Adipogenesis has been one of the most intensively studied models of cellular
differentiation. Some studies have reported that CUR suppresses the adipogenic
differentiation of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by downregulating the CCAAT-enhancer
binding protein α (C/EBPα)-peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) pathway, which is a major adipogenesis pathway.
The aims of the
present study were to determine the mechanism by which CZP induced adipocyte
differentiation of 3T3-L1 cells, and whether CUR reduced CZP-induced
adipogenesis. Mouse 3T3-L1 preadipocytes were obtained from the European
Collection of Cell Cultures (Wiltshire, UK). CZP and CUR were
prepared in dimethyl sulfoxide (Me2SO) and added to the growth,
initiation, and maturation media from day 3 (time of addition of dexamethasone,
IBMX, and insulin) to day 9 (the end of the experiment). Mature adipocytes
in the culture were quantified using Lipid Droplets Fluorescence Assay kit, and
flow cytometry.
The results showed
that cells grown in the presence of CZP had significantly higher
triacylglycerol levels, numbers of lipid-filled adipocytes, and mRNA expression
levels of CCAAT-enhancer binding protein α
(C/EBPα) and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ)
than those grown without CZP. Treatment with CZP plus CUR resulted in major
reductions in these four parameters.
In conclusion, this
reports showed that CUR could inhibit CZP-induced weight gain and its complications
via inhibition of adipocyte differentiation. And the results suggest that CUR
has the potential to prevent the side effects of atypical antipsychotic drugs.
Article by Satoru Sakuma, et al, from Osaka
University of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Osaka, Japan.
Full access: http://mrw.so/53WyFG
Image by faydasi var, from Flickr-cc.
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