跳至主要内容

Distinguishing Kaolinites and Smectite Clays from Central and Eastern Uganda Using Acidity, pH, Colour and Composition

Read  full  paper  at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53207#.VLcnXsnQrzE

ABSTRACT
The Langmuir isotherms of 1-aminobutane in isohexane slurries showed increase in clay acidity with increase in concentration of mineral acid used to leach the clay as well as the temperature at which the clay was thermally activated prior to experimentation involving adsorption of 1-aminobutane. The values of acidity for Central Uganda were low ranging from 0.07 mol/g to 0.32 mol/g yet those for clays from Eastern Uganda were high ranging from 0.1 mol/g to 1.85 mol/g. Based on acidity, pH, elemental and mineral compositions, the clays from Central Uganda were found to be kaolinites or halloysites, yet Eastern Uganda clays were resolved to contain nontronite and kaolinite.
 
Cite this paper
Mukasa-Tebandeke, I. , Ssebuwufu, P. , Nyanzi, S. , Schumann, A. , Ntale, M. , Nyakairu, G. and Lugolobi, F. (2015) Distinguishing Kaolinites and Smectite Clays from Central and Eastern Uganda Using Acidity, pH, Colour and Composition. American Journal of Analytical Chemistry, 6, 58-70. doi: 10.4236/ajac.2015.61006.
 
References
[1]Brindley, G.W. (1978) Preparation and Properties of Some Hydroxyl Aluminiumbeidellites. Ceramica, 24, 217-224.
 
[2]Ravindra-Reddy, C., Bhat, Y.S., Nagendrappa, G. and Jai Prakash, B.S. (2009) Bronsted and Lewis Acidity of Modified Montmorillonite Clay Catalysts Determined by FT-IR Spectroscopy. Catalysis Today, 141, 157-160.
 
[3]Bradley, W.F. and Grim, R.E. (1951) High Temperature Thermal Effects of Clays and Related Minerals. American Mineralogist, 36, 182-201.
 
[4]Kooli, F. and Jones, W. (1997) Characterization and Catalytic Properties of a Saponite Clay Modified by Acid Activation. Clay Minerals, 32, 633-643.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1997.032.4.13
 
[5]Jadambaa, T., Tsedev, J., Dashdendev, B., Shaarii, E. and Kenneth, J.D.M. (2006) Characterization and Bleaching Properties of Acid-Leached Montmorillonite. Journal of Chemical Technology and Biotechnology, 81, 688-693.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.1469
 
[6]Benesi, H.A. (1957) Acidity of Catalyst Surfaces. II. Amine Titration Using Hammett Indicators. J. Phys. Chem., 61, 970-973
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150553a030
 
[7]Kumar, P., Jasra, R.V. and Bhat, T.S.G. (1995) Evolution of Porosity and Surface Acidity in Montmorillonite Clay on Acid Activation. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 34, 1440-1448
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie00043a053
 
[8]Cardona-Martinez, N. and Dumesic, J.A. (1992) Applications of Microcalorimetry to the Study of Heterogeneous Catalysts. Advances in Catalysis, 38, 149-244.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0360-0564(08)60007-3
 
[9]William, M.L. and Hurley, C.N. (2011) Chemistry: Principles and Reactions. 7th Edition, Cengage Learning, Boston, 433.
 
[10]Harwood, W.S., Herring, F.G., Madura, J.D. and Petrucci, R.H. (2007) General Chemistry Principles and Modern Applications. 9th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, 695-696.
 
[11]Jacobs, P.A. (1984) Characterization of Heterogeneous Catalysts. Dekker, New York.
 
[12]Tanabe, K.K.T., Misono, M., Ono, Y. and Hattori, H. (1989) New Solid Acids and Bases, Their Catalytic Properties. Elsevier, Amsterdam.
 
[13]Ravichandran, J. and Sivasankar, B. (1997) Properties and Catalytic Activity of Acid Modified Montmorillonite and Vermiculite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 45, 854-858.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.1997.0450609
 
[14]Tanabe, K. (1970) Solid Acids and Bases. Academic Press, New York.
 
[15]Alemdaroglu, T. (2003) Investigation of the Surface Acidity of a Bentonite Modified by Acid Activation and Thermal Treatment. Turkish Journal of Chemistry, 27, 675-683.
 
[16]Gregg, S.J. and Sing, K.S.W. (1997) Adsorption, Surface Area and Porosity. Academic Press, London, 197-199.
 
[17]Benesi, B.H.C. (1978) Clay Catalysts from Bentonites. Advances in Catalysis, 27, 200-213.
 
[18]Beneke, K. and Lagaly, G. (2002) From Fuller’s Earth to Bleaching Earth: A Historical Note. ECGA Newsletter No 5, 57-78.
 
[19]Fahn, R. (1976) Bleaching Earths-Preparation, Properties, Practical Applications. Brussels. Chapter 1 International Symposium, Brussels, 28-29.
 
[20]Nyakairu, G.W.A. and Koeberl, C. (2001) Mineralogical and Chemical Composition and Distribution of Rare Earth Elements in Clay-Rich Sediments from Central Uganda. Geochemical Journal, 35, 13-28.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.35.13
 
[21]Grim, R.E. and Bradley, W.F. (1940) Investigation of the Effect of Heat on the Clay Minerals Illite and Montmorillonite. Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 23, 242-248.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1940.tb14263.x
 
[22]Christidis, G.E., Scott, P.W. and Dunham, A.C. (1997) Acid Activation and Bleaching Capacity of Bentonites from the Islands of Milos and Chios, Aegean, Greece. Applied Clay Science, 12, 329-347.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0169-1317(97)00017-3
 
[23]Sarikaya, Y., Noyan, H. and Onal, M. (2007) The Effect of Sulphuric Acid Activation on the Crystallinity, Surface Area, Porosity, Surface Acidity and Bleaching Power of a Bentonite. Food Chemistry, 105, 156-163.
 
[24]Noyan, H.N., Onal, M. and Sarikaya, Y. (2006) The Effect of Heating on the Surface Area, Porosity and Surface Acidity of a Bentonite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 54, 375-381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2006.0540308
 
[25]Sarikaya, Y., Onal, M., Baran, B. and Alemdaroglu, T. (2000) The Effect of Thermal Treatment on Some of the Physicochemical Properties of a Bentonite. Clays and Clay Minerals, 48, 557-562.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1346/CCMN.2000.0480508
 
[26]Hamza, A. (1966) An Investigation on the Utilization of Egyptian Clays in Bleaching of Cotton Seed Oil. Master’s Thesis, Alexandria University, Alexandria.
 
[27]Mag, T.K. (1990) Bleaching-Theory and Practice. In: Erickson, D.R., Ed., Proceedings of the Edible Fats and Oils Processing World Conference, American Oil Chemists’ Society, Champaign, 107-116.
 
[28]Drushel, H.V. and Sommers, G. (1966) Catalyst Acidity Distribution Using Visible and Fluorescent Indicators. Analytical Chemistry, 38, 1723-1731.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac60244a023
 
[29]Mokaya, M.P. (2001) Porous Clay Hetero Structures with Enhanced Acidity Obtained from Acid-Activated Clays. Chemical Communications—Royal Society of Chemistry, 3, 2100-2101.
 
[30]Campelo, J.M., Garcia, A., Gutierrez, J.M., Luna, D. and Marinas, J.M. (1983) Alkali-Promoted AlPO4 Catalysis: I. Acid-Base and Oxidizing-Reducing Properties. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 95, 544-550.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(83)90213-8
 
[31]Mills, G.A., Holmes, B. and Cornellius, E.B. (1950) Acid Activation of Some Bentonite Clays. The Journal of Physical and Colloid Chemistry, 54, 1176-1185.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/j150482a009
 
[32]Houdry, E., Burt, W.F., Pew, A.B. and Peters, W.A. (1938) Catalytic Processing by the Houdry Process. Nat. Petroleum News, 39, R570-R580.
 
[33]Nodvin, S.C., Driscoll, C.T. and Likens, G.E. (1986) Simple Partitioning of Anions and Dissolved Organic Carbon in Soil. Soil Science, 142, 27-36.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00010694-198607000-00005
 
[34]Langmuir, I. (1916) The Constitution and Fundamental Properties of Solids and Liquids. Journal of the American Chemical Society, 38, 2221-2295.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja02268a002
 
[35]Hundal, H.S. (1988) A Mechanism of Phosphate Adsorption on Narrabri Medium Clay Loam Soil. Journal of Agricultural Science, 111, 155-158.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600082952
 
[36]Balaras, P.K., Lezou, P. and Seiragakis, G. (1999) Mineralogical Society of London. Clay Minerals, 34, 221-312.
 
[37]Travis, C.L. and Etnier, E.L. (1981) A Survey of Sorption Relationships for Reactive Solutes in Soil. Journal of Environment Quality, 10, 8-17.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2134/jeq1981.00472425001000010002x
 
[38]Fried, N. and Shapiro, R.E. (1956) Phosphate Supply Patterns of Various Soils. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 20, 471-475.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1956.03615995002000040007x
 
[39]Olsen, R.S. and Watanabe, F.S. (1957) A Method to Determine a Phosphorous Adsorption Maximum of Soils as Measured by Langmuir Isotherms. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 21, 144-149.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaj1957.03615995002100020004x
 
[40]Grim, W.F. (1951) Clay Mineralogy and Petroleum Industry. American Mineralogist, 36, 182-201.
 
[41]Bain, J.A. and Morgan, D.J. (1989) Laboratory Separation of Clays by Hydrocycloning. Clay Minerals, 18, 33-47.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1180/claymin.1983.018.1.04
 
[42]Bergaya, F. and Lagaly, G. (2013) Handbook of Clay Science. Chapter 1—General Introduction: Clays, Clay Minerals, and Clay Science. Developments in Clay Science, 5, 1-19.                             eww150115lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...
发表评论
阅读全文

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...
发表评论
阅读全文