跳至主要内容

Brain and Law: An EEG Study of How We Decide or Not to Implement a Law

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52838#.VKoBpMnQrzE

Brazil has introduced a referendum regarding the prohibition of firearm commerce and propaganda arguments have invoked socially and personally driven issues in the promotion of voting in favor of and against firearm control, respectively. Here, we used different techniques to study the brain activity associated with a voter’s perception of the truthfulness of these arguments and their influence on voting decisions. Low-resolution tomography was used to identify the possible different sets of neurons activated in the analysis of the different types of propaganda. Linear correlation was used to calculate the amount information H(ei) provided to different electrodes about how these sets of neurons enroll themselves to carry out this cognitive analysis. The results clearly showed that vote decision was not influenced by arguments that were introduced by propaganda, which was typically driven by specific social or self-interest motives. However, different neural circuits were identified in the analysis of each type of propaganda argument, independently of the declared vote (for or against the control) intention.
Cite this paper
da Rocha, A. , Massad, E. , Rocha, F. and Burattini, M. (2014) Brain and Law: An EEG Study of How We Decide or Not to Implement a Law. Journal of Behavioral and Brain Science, 4, 559-578. doi: 10.4236/jbbs.2014.412054.
 

[1] Rocha, A.F. (2013) Toward a Better Understanding of the Relationship between Neurosciences and Law. Law & Neuroscience Journal, 4.
http://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2313182
[2] Hobbes, T. (1651) Leviathan. Penguin Classics, Penguin Books, New York.
[3] Rousseau, J.J. (1968) Du Contrat Social: Texte Original. Penguin Books Limited, London.
[4] Hart, H.L.A. (1961) Concept of Law. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[5] Kelsen, H. (1960) Reine Rechteslehre. Verlag Fraz Deuticke, Viena.
[6] Rocha, A.F., Theoto, F., Burattini, M.N. and Massad, E. (2010) Neurodynamics of an Election. Brain Research, 1351, 198-211.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.06.046
[7] Frith, C.D. and Frith, U. (2006) The Neural Basis of Mentalizing. Neuron, 50, 531-534.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuron.2006.05.001
[8] Cavanna, A.R. and Trimble, M.R. (2006) The Precuneus: A Review of Its Functional Anatomy and Behavioral Correlates. Brain, 129, 564-583.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awl004
[9] Hartwright, C.E., Apperly, I.A. and Hansen, P.C. (2006) Multiple Roles for Executive Control in Belief-Desire Reasoning: Distinct Neural Networks Are Recruited for Self Perspective Inhibition and Complexity of Reasoning. NeuroImage, 61, 921-930.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2012.03.012
[10] Van den Ouden, H.E.M., Frith, U., Frith, C. and Blakemore, S.-J. (2005) Thinking about Intentions. NeuroImage, 28, 787-796.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.001
[11] Pasqual-Marqui, R.D., Esslen, M., Kochi, K. and Lehmann, D. (2002) Functional Imaging with Low-Resolution Brain Electromagnetic Tomography (LORETA): A Review. Methods and Findings in Experimental and Clinical Pharmacology, 24, 91-95.
[12] Rocha, F.T., Rocha, A.F., Massad, E. and Menezes, R.X. (2005) Brain Mappings of the Arithmetic Processing in Children and Adults. Cognitive Brain Research, 22, 359-372.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.09.008
[13] Daw, N.D., O’Doherty, J.P., Dayan, P., Seymor, B. and Dolan, R.J. (2006) Cortical Substrates for Exploratory Decisions in Humans. Nature, 441, 876-879.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature04766
[14] Addis, D.R. and Schacter, D.L. (2008) Constructive Episodic Simulation: Temporal Distance and Detail of Past and Future Events Modulate Hippocampal Engagement. Hippocampus, 18, 227-237.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hipo.20405
[15] Cabeza, R., Dolcos, F., Graham, R. and Nyberg, L. (2002) Similarities and Differences in the Neural Correlates of Episodic Memory Retrieval and Working Memory. Neuroimagen, 16, 317-330.
[16] Lepage, M., Ghaffar, O., Nyberg, L. and Tulving, E. (2000) Prefrontal Cortex and Episodic Memory Retrieval Mode Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 97, 506-511.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.97.1.506
[17] Platel, H., Baron, J.-C., Desgranges, B., Bernard, F. and Eustache, F. (2003) Semantic and Episodic Memory of Music Are Subserved by Distinct Neural Networks. NeuroImage, 20, 244-256.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1053-8119(03)00287-8
[18] Ranganath, C., Johnson, M.K. and D’ésposito, M. (2003) Prefrontal Activity Associated with Working Memory and Episodic Long-Term Memory. Neuropsychologia, 41, 378-389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(02)00169-0
[19] Rugg, M.D., Fletcher, P.C., Frith, C.D., Frackowiak, R.S.J. and Dolan, R.J. (1996) Differential Activation of the Prefrontal Cortex in Successful and Unsuccessful Memory Retrieval. Brain, 119, 2073-2083.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/119.6.2073
[20] Baron, J.C. and Jones, T. (2012) Oxygen Metabolism, Oxygen Extraction and Positron Emission Tomography: Historical Perspective and Impact on Basic and Clinical Neuroscience. Neuroimage, 61, 492-504.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.12.036
[21] Scheeringa, R., Petersson, K.M., Oostenveld, R., Norris, D.G., Hagoort, P. and Bastiaansen, M.C.M. (2009) Trial-by-Trial Coupling between EEG and BOLD Identifies Networks Related to Alpha and Theta EEG Power Increases during Working Memory Maintenance NeuroImage, 44, 1224-1238.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2008.08.041
[22] Canessa, N., Gorini, A., Cappa, S.F., Piattelli-Palmarini, M., Danna, M., Fazio, F. and Perani, D. (2005) The Effect of Social Content on Deductive Reasoning: An fMRI Study. Human Brain Mapping, 26, 30-43.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hbm.20114
[23] Henson, R.N.A., Shallice, T. and Dolan, R.J. (1999) Right Prefrontal Cortex and Episodic Memoryretrieval: A Functional MRI Test of the Monitoring Hypothesis. Brain, 122, 1367-1381.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/122.7.1367
[24] Knauff, K., Mulack, T., Kassubek, J., Salih, H.R. and Greenlee, M.W. (2002) Spatial Imagery in Deductive Reasoning: A Functional MRI Study. Cognitive Brain Research, 13, 203-212.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0926-6410(01)00116-1
[25] Goel, V. and Dolan, R.J. (2001) Functional Neuroanatomy of Three-Term Relational Reasoning. Neuropsychologia, 39, 901-909.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0028-3932(01)00024-0
[26] Mackey, A.P., Miller Singley, A.T. and Bunge, S.A. (2013) Intensive Reasoning Training Alters Patterns of Brain Connectivity at Rest. Journal of Neuroscience, 33, 4796-4803.
[27] Vollm, B.A., Taylor, A.N.W., Richardson, P., Corcoran, R., Stirling, J., McKie, S., et al. (2006) Neuronal Correlates of Theory of Mind and Empathy: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study in a Nonverbal Task. NeuroImage, 29, 90-98.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.07.022
[28] Lundstrom, B.N., Ingvar, M. and Petersson, K.M. (2005) The Role of Percuneus and Frontal Cortex during Source Memory Episodic Retrieval. NeuroImage, 27, 824-834.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2005.05.008
[29] Van der Meer, L., Groenewold, N.A., Nolen, W.A., Pijnenborg, M. and Aleman, A. (2011) Inhibit Yourself and Understand the Other: Neural Basis of Distinct Processes Underlying Theory of Mind. NeuroImage, 56, 2364-2374.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroimage.2011.03.053
[30] Martino, J., Gabarrós, A., Deus, J., Juncadella, M., Acebes, J.J., Torres, A. and Pujol, J. (2011) Intrasurgical Mapping of Complex Motor Function in the Superior Frontal Gyrus. Neuroscience, 179, 131-142.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.01.047
[31] Nakagawa, S., Nishiike, S., Tonoike, M., Takeda, N. and Kubo, T. (2002) Measurements of Brain Magnetic Fields Associated with Apparent Self-Motion. International Congress Series, 1232, 367-371.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0531-5131(01)00790-7
[32] Samson, D., Apperly, I.A., Chiavarino, C. and Humphreys, G.W. (2004) Left Tempoparietal Junction Is Necessary for Representing Someone Else’s Belief. Nature Neuroscience, 7, 499-500.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nn1223
[33] Sulpizio, V., Committeri, G., Lambrey, S., Berthoz, A. and Galati, G. (2013) Selective Role of Lingual/Parahippocampal Gyrus and Retrosplenial Complex in Spatial Memory across Viewpoint Changes Relative to the Environmental Reference Frame. Behavioral Brain Research, 242, 62-75.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.bbr.2012.12.031
[34] Bullmore, E. and Sporns, O. (2009) Complex Brain Networks: Graph Theoretical Analysis of Structural and Functional Systems. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10, 186-198.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nrn2575                        eww1510105lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Electron Spin and Proton Spin in the Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Like Atomic Systems

Read full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52202#.VIj7tMnQrzE Author(s) Stanisław Olszewski * Affiliation(s) Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland . ABSTRACT The mechanical angular momentum and magnetic moment of the electron and proton spin have been calculated semiclassically with the aid of the uncertainty principle for energy and time. The spin effects of both kinds of the elementary particles can be expressed in terms of similar formulae. The quantization of the spin motion has been done on the basis of the old quantum theory. It gives a quantum number n = 1/2 as the index of the spin state acceptable for both the electron and proton ...
发表评论
阅读全文

A Study on the Seismic Isolation Systems of Bridges with Lead Rubber Bearings

Read full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52566#.VJt06cCAM4 Author(s)   Woo-Suk Kim , Dong-Joon Ahn , Jong-Kook Lee Affiliation(s) School of Architecture, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea . ABSTRACT This study consists of the development and presentation of example of seismic isolation system analysis and design for a continuous, 3-span, cast-in-place concrete box girder bridge. It is expected that example is developed for all Lead-Rubber Bearing (LRB) seismic isolation system on piers and abutments which placed in between super-structure and sub-structure. Design forces, displacements, and drifts are given distinctive consideration in...
发表评论
阅读全文

Effects of Karate Training on Basic Motor Abilities of Primary School Children

“You never attack first in karate” might be the best conclusion of karate, which is a martial art practiced typically without weapons. It’s reported that karate has a long history for several hundred years, but the modern karate was spread to the whole Japan from Okinawa in the early part of 20th century. Now it has become one of the most widely practiced martial art forms in the world. Usually, it’s divided into Kihon, Kata and Kumite. As for the beginners, Kihon is more suitable for them because it involves basic techniques. Due to karate consists of dynamic offensive and defensive techniques using all parts of the body to their maximum advantage, the best understanding of true karate practice is the perfection of oneself through the perfection of the art. It not only develops coordination, quickens reflexes, and builds stamina, but also develops composure, a clearer thought process, deeper insight into one’s mental capabilities, and more self-confidence. So many researchers stu...
发表评论
阅读全文