跳至主要内容

Assessment of the Water Quality in the Ariake Sea Using Principal Component Analysis

Read  full  paper  at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53186#.VLcb1cnQrzE

ABSTRACT
The aim of this study is to investigate the condition of the Ariake Sea, Japan, which has been suffering from severe environmental issues for the past few decades. Water quality data have been generated from several points in this area for over 30 years by the Fukuoka, Saga, Kumamoto, and Nagasaki prefectures. In order to understand the characteristics of this sea, principal component analysis (PCA) was utilized using 11 water quality parameters; transparency, temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen (DO), chemical oxygen demand (COD), dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN), ammonium-nitrogen (NH4+-N), nitrate-nitrogen (NO3--N), nitrite-nitrogen (NO2--N), phosphate-phosphorus, (PO43--P) and silica. PCA conveyed the amount of nutrients originating from the river, the organic pollution level, and seasonal changes. Subsequently, principal component scores were calculated for each point. It was concluded that the Ariake Sea environment has been affected by two main factors, which are the nutrients from the Chikugo River and anticlockwise tidal residual flow. These two factors must be considered for the environmental restoration of the Ariake Sea.
 
Cite this paper
Tabata, T. , Hiramatsu, K. and Harada, M. (2015) Assessment of the Water Quality in the Ariake Sea Using Principal Component Analysis. Journal of Water Resource and Protection, 7, 41-49. doi: 10.4236/jwarp.2015.71003.
 
References
[1]Hamada, K., Hayami, Y., Yamamoto, K., Ohgushi, K., Yoshino, K., Hirakawa, R. and Yamada, Y. (2008) Serious Hypoxia in the Head of the Ariake Sea in Summer, 2006. Oceanography Society in Japan, 17, 371-377.
 
[2]Kajihara, Y., Tomita, T., Nakano, T. and Isobe, M. (2003) Occurrence of Hypoxic Water in the Inner Area of Ariake Bay in the Summer of 2002. Journal of the Japan Society of Civil Engineers, 747, 187-196.
 
[3]Tsutsumi, H., Tsutsumi, A., Takamatsu, A., Kimura, C., Nagata, S., Tsukuda, M., Komorita, T., Takahashi, T. and Montani, S. (2007) Mechanisms for the Expansion of Hypoxic Water in the Inner Areas of Ariake Bay during Summer. Oceanography in Japan, 16, 182-202.
 
[4]Shutou, T., Matsubara, T. and Kuno, K. (2009) Nutrient State and Nori Aquaculture in Ariake Bay. Aquabiology, 31, 168-170.
 
[5]Nakane, T. (2013) Annual Change of Fishery Production in Ariake Bay. Aquabiology, 35, 447-456.
 
[6]Tsutsumi, H. (2012) Mechanism and Causes of Large-Scale Red Tides in the Inner Part of Ariake Bay. Bulletin on Coastal Oceanography, 49, 165-174.
 
[7]Isobe, M. and Koibuchi, Y. (2004) Continuous Measurement of the Water Environment in the Ariake Bay. Bulletin on Coastal Oceanography, 42, 27-33.
 
[8]Tabata, T., Hiramatsu, K., Harada, M. and Hirose, M. (2013) Numerical Analysis of Convective Dispersion of Pen Shell Atrina pectinata Larvae to Support Seabed Restoration and Resource Recovery in the Ariake Sea, Japan. Ecological Engineering, 57, 154-161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoleng.2013.04.018
 
[9]Mizumukai, K., Sato, T., Tabeta, S. and Kitazawa, D. (2008) Numerical Studied on Ecological Effects of Artificial Mixing of Surface and Bottom Waters in Density Stratification in Semi-Enclosed Bay and Open Sea. Ecological Modelling, 214, 251-270.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.02.023
 
[10]Shiratani, E., Kiri, H., Takaki, K., Hamada, K., Tanji, H. and Nakata, K. (2007) Research on Factors of Tide and Tidal Current Changes in the Ariake Sea, Irrigation. Drainage and Rural Engineering Journal, 252, 145-156.
 
[11]Vega, M., Pardo, R., Barrado, E. and Deban, L. (1998) Assessment of Seasonal and Polluting Effects on the Quality of River Water by Exploratory Data Analysis. Water Research, 32, 3581-3592.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(98)00138-9
 
[12]Helena, B., Pardo, R., Vega, M., Barrado, E., Fernandez, J.M. and Fernandez, R. (2000) Temporal Evolution of Groundwater Composition in an Alluvial Aquifer (Pisuerga River, Spain) by Principal Component Analysis. Water Research, 34, 807-816.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(99)00225-0
 
[13]Simenov, V., Stratis, J.A., Samara, C., Zachariadis, G., Voutsa, D., Anthemidis, A., Sofoniou, M. and Kouimtzis, T. (2003) Assessment of the Surface Water Quality in Northern Greece. Water Research, 37, 4119-4124.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(03)00398-1
 
[14]Inoue, N. (1980) Physical Environments (Oceanographic Description of the Coast of Japan XIX: Ariake Bay (II)). Bulletin on Coastal Oceanography, 17, 151-165.
 
[15]Wunderlin, D.A., Diaz, M.P., Ame, M.V., Pesce, S.F., Hued, A.C. and Bistoni, M.A. (2001) Pattern Recognition Techniques for the Evaluation of Spatial and Temporal Variations in Water Quality. A Case Study: Suquia River Basin (Cordoba-Argentina). Water Research, 35, 2881-2894.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0043-1354(00)00592-3
 
[16]Chen, K., Jiao, J.K., Huang, J. and Huang, R. (2007) Multivariate Statistical Evaluation of Trace Elements in Groundwater in a Coastal Area in Shenzhen, China. Environmental Pollution, 147, 771-780.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2006.09.002
 
[17]Oketola, A.A., Adekolurejo, S.M. and Osibanjo, O. (2013) Water Quality Assessment of River Ogun Using Multivariate Statistical Techniques. Journal of Environmental Protection, 4, 466-479.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2013.45055
 
[18]Harada, M. and Yoshida, I. (2001) Distribution of Sulfides and Heavy Metals of Bottom Sediments in Lake Koyama. Transactions of Rural Planning, 3, 64-66.
 
[19]Tanaka, M., Inagaki, S. and Yamaki, K. (2002) Numerical Simulation of Tide and Three Dimensional Flow in Ariake Bay. Proceedings of Coastal Engineering, 49, 406-410.                                                   eww150115lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...
发表评论
阅读全文

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...
发表评论
阅读全文