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Atmosphere, earth and water compose the environment.
The presence of heavy metals in the environment has grown because of
their large employment in some industrial and agricultural activities.
Although these metals are terrestrial products, they flow into the sea
through effluents and sewage or are directly discharged from industries
placed on the seawater front. It should be considered that metals
concentrations vary widely according to different seawater latitudes and
depths and can be strongly influenced by fresh water discharges from
heavily polluted rivers. In this review recent studies on heavy metal
pollution in marine ecosystems and their organisms will be presented.
Metal speciation, bioaccumulation in biota, as well as abiotic and
biotic factors affecting their bioavailability will be reviewed.
Moreover, the use of bioindicator organisms for the biomonitoring of
heavy metal toxicity and their ecological effects will be defined. Many
marine invertebrate species fulfill the following criteria: Sensitivity
to a wide range of chemicals (especially to heavy metals),
cost-effectiveness for repeatable tests, readily interpretable
biological consequences of pollution. Among the most important marine
invertebrates used as bioindicators, the sea urchin embryo is one of the
most suitable, especially to assess metal/heavy metal pollution.
Cite this paper
Chiarelli, R. and Roccheri, M. (2014) Marine Invertebrates as Bioindicators of Heavy Metal Pollution. Open Journal of Metal, 4, 93-106. doi: 10.4236/ojmetal.2014.44011.
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