跳至主要内容

How and Why Do Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms Overproduce Human Chorionic Gonadotropin?

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52622#.VJzFMcCAM4

Author(s)  
From the published data, the present mini-review attempts to answer two fundamental questions about the gestational trophoblastic neoplasms. In addition, it extrapolates the findings to other cancers that produce small amounts of hCG and how a novel therapies could be developed.
Cite this paper
Rao, C. (2015) How and Why Do Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms Overproduce Human Chorionic Gonadotropin?. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 5, 1-5. doi: 10.4236/ojog.2015.51001.
 

[1] Pierce, J.G. and Parsons, T.F. (1981) Glycoprotein Hormones: Structure and Function. Annual Review of Biochemistry, 50, 465-495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.bi.50.070181.002341
[2] Lapthorn, A.J., Harris, D.C., Littlejohn, A., Lustbader, J.W., Canfield, R.E., Machin, K.J., Morgan, F.J. and Isaacs, N.W. (1994) Crystal Structure of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. Nature, 369, 455-461. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/369455a0
[3] Fiddes, J.C. and Goodman, H.M. (1981) The Gene Encoding the Common Alpha Subunit of the Four Human Glycoprotein Hormones. Journal of Molecular and Applied Genetics, 1, 3-18.
[4] Policastro, P., Ovitt, C.E., Hoshina, M., Fukuoka, H., Botthby, M.E. and Boime, I. (1983) The Beta Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Is Encoded by Multiple Genes. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 258, 11492-11499.
[5] Lei, Z.M. and Rao, C.V. (2001) Endocrinology of the Trophoblast Tissue. In: Becker, K., Ed., Principles and Practice of Endocrinology and Metabolism, 3rd Edition, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, Chapter 112, 1096-1102,
[6] Cole, L.A., Kardana, A., Andrade-Gordon, P., Gawinowicz, M.A., Morris, J.C., Bergert, E.R., O’Connor, J. and Birken, S. (1991) The Heterogeneity of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG). III. The Occurrence, Biological and Immunological Activities of Nicked hCG. Endocrinology, 129, 1559-1567.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/endo-129-3-1559
[7] Loosfelt, H., Misrahi, M., Atger, M., Salesse, R., Vu, M.T., Thi, H.L., Jolivet, A., Guiochon-Mantell, A., Sar, S., Jallal, B., Garnier, J. and Milgrom, E. (1989) Cloning and Sequencing of porcine LH-hCG Receptor cDNA: Variants Lacking Transmembrane Domain. Science, 245, 525-528.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2502844
[8] McFarland, K.C., Sprengel, R., Phillips, H.S., Kohler, M., Rosembilt, N., Nikolics, N., Segaloff, D.L. and Seeburg, P.H. (1989) Lutropin-Choriogonadotropin Receptor: An Unusual Member of the G Protein-Coupled Receptor Family. Science, 245, 494-499. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.2502842
[9] Lei, Z.M., Mishra, S., Zou, W., Xu, B., Foltz, M., Li, X. and Rao, C.V. (2001) Targeted Disruption of Luteinizing Hormone/Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Receptor Gene. Molecular Endocrinology, 15, 184-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/mend.15.1.0586
[10] Rao, C.V. (2001) Nongonadal Actions of LH and hCG in Reproductive Biology and Medicine. Seminars in Reproductive Medicine, 19, 1-119.
[11] Zarate, A. and MacGregor, C. (1982) Beta-Subunit hCG and the Control of Trophoblastic Disease. In: Martimbeau, P.W. and Surwit, E.A., Eds., Gestational Trophoblastic Disease. Seminars in Oncology, 1X:2, 187-190.
[12] Lei, Z.M., Rao, C.V., Ackerman, D.M. and Day, T.G. (1992) The Expression of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin/Human Luteinizing Hormone Receptors in Human Gestational Trophoblastic Neoplasms. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 74, 1236-1241.
[13] Reshef, E., Lei, Z.M., Rao, C.V., Pridham, D.D., Chegini, N. and Luborsky, J.L. (1990) The Presence of Gonadotropin Receptors in Nonpregnant Human Uterus, Human Placenta, Fetal Membranes and Decidua. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 70, 421-430. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jcem-70-2-421
[14] Licht, P., Cao, H., Lei, Z.M., Rao, C.V. and Merz, W.M. (1993) Novel Self-Regulation of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Biosynthesis in Term Pregnancy Human Placenta. Endocrinology, 133, 3014-3025.
[15] Licht, P., Cao, H., Zuo, J., Lei, Z.M., Rao, C.V., Merz, W.M. and Day Jr., T.G. (1994) Lack of Self-Regulation of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Biosynthesis in Human Choriocarcinoma Cells. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 78, 1188-1194.
[16] Cao, H., Lei, Z.M. and Rao, C.V. (1995) Consequences of Antisense Human Chorionic Gonadotropin-α Subunit cDNA Expression in Human Choriocarcinoma JAR Cells. Journal of Molecular Endocrinology, 14, 337-347. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0140337
[17] Lei, Z.M., Taylor, D.D., Gercel-Taylor, C. and Rao, C.V. (1999) Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Promotes Tumorigenesis of Choriocarcinoma JAR Cells. Placenta, 13, 147-159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0143-4004(99)80012-5
[18] Hamada, A.L., Nakabayashi, K., Sato, A., Kiyoshi, K., Takamatsu, Y., Laoag-Fernandez, J.B., Ohara, N. and Maruo, T. (2005) Transfection of Antisense Chorionic Gonadotropin BETA Gene into Choriocarcinoma Suppress the Cell Proliferation and Induce Apoptosis. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 90, 4873-4879. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2004-2458
[19] Cole, L.A., Khanlian, S.A., Riley, J.M. and Butler, S.A. (2006) Hyperglycosylated hCG in Gestational Implantation and in Choriocarcinoma and Testicular Germ Cell Malignancy Tumorigenesis. The Journal of Reproductive Medicine, 51, 919-929.
[20] Lei, Z.M., Reshef, E. and Rao, C.V. (1992) The Expression of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin/Luteinizing Hormone Receptors in Human Endometrial and Myometrial Blood Vessels. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 75, 651-659.
[21] Toth, P., Li, X., Rao, C.V., Lincoln, S.R., Sanfilippo, J.S., Spinnato, J.A. and Yussman, M.A. (1994) Expression of Functional Human Chorionic Gonadotropin/Human Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Gene in Human Uterine Arteries. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 79, 307-315.
[22] Zygmunt, M., Herr, F., Keller-Schoenwetter, S., Kunzi-Rapp, K., Munstedt, K., Rao, C.V., Lang, U. and Preissner, K.T. (2002) Characterization of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin as a Novel Angiogenic Factor. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 87, 5290-5296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2002-020642
[23] Ambrus, G. and Rao, C.V (1994) Novel Regulation of Pregnant Human Myometrial Smooth Muscle Cell Gap Junctions by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Endocrinology, 135, 2772-2779.
[24] Eta, E., Ambrus, G. and Rao, C.V. (1994) Direct Regulation of Human Myometrial Contractions by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism, 79, 1582-1586.
[25] Shi, Q.J., Lei, Z.M., Rao, C.V. and Lin, J. (1993) Novel Role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in Differentiation of Human Cytotrophoblasts. Endocrinology, 132, 1387-1395.
[26] Yang, M., Lei, Z.M. and Rao, C.V. (2003) The Central Role of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin in the Formation of Human Placental Syncytium. Endocrinology, 144, 1108-1120.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/en.2002-220922
[27] Lei, Z.M., Rao, C.V., Kornyei, J.L., Licht, P. and Hiatt, E.S. (1993) Novel Expression of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin/Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Gene in Brain. Endocrinology, 132, 2262-2270.
[28] Lin, J., Lojun, S., Lei, Z.M., Wu, W.X., Peiper, S.C. and Rao, C.V. (1995) Lymphocytes from Pregnant Women Express Human Chorionic Gonadotropin/Luteinizing Hormone Receptor Gene. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 111, 13-17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0303-7207(95)03565-O
[29] Zhang, Y.M., Rao, C.V. and Lei, Z.M. (2003) Macrophages in Human Reproductive Tissues Contain Luteinizing Hormone/Chorionic Gonadotropin Receptors. American Journal of Reproductive Immunology, 49, 93-100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1600-0897.2003.00013.x
[30] Lei, Z.M., Yang, M., Li, X., Takikawa, O. and Rao, C.V. (2007) Upregulation of Placental Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxy-genase by Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. Biology of Reproduction, 76, 639-644.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1095/biolreprod.106.056960
[31] Acevedo, H.F., Krichevsky, A., Campbell-Acevedo, E.A., Galyon, J.C., Buffo, M.J. and Hartsock, R.J. (1992) Expression of Membrane-Associated Human Chorionic Gonadotropin, Its Subunits, and Fragments by Cultured Human Cancer Cells. Cancer, 69, 1829-1842.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0142(19920401)69:7<1829::AID-CNCR2820690727>3.0.CO;2-0
[32] Kumar, S., Talwar, G.P. and Biswas, D.K. (1992) Necrosis and Inhibition of Growth of Human Lung Tumor by Anti-Alpha Human Chorionic Gonadotropin Antibody. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 84, 42-47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/84.1.42
[33] Rivera, R.T., Pasion, S.G., Wong, D.T.W., Fei, Y. and Biswas, D.K. (1989) Loss of Tumorigenic Potential by Human Lung Tumor Cells in the Presence of Antisense RNA Specific to the Ectopically Synthesized Alpha Subunit of Human Chorionic Gonadotropin. Journal of Cell Biology, 108, 2423-2434.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.108.6.2423                   eww141226lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Electron Spin and Proton Spin in the Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Like Atomic Systems

Read full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52202#.VIj7tMnQrzE Author(s) Stanisław Olszewski * Affiliation(s) Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland . ABSTRACT The mechanical angular momentum and magnetic moment of the electron and proton spin have been calculated semiclassically with the aid of the uncertainty principle for energy and time. The spin effects of both kinds of the elementary particles can be expressed in terms of similar formulae. The quantization of the spin motion has been done on the basis of the old quantum theory. It gives a quantum number n = 1/2 as the index of the spin state acceptable for both the electron and proton ...
发表评论
阅读全文

Effects of Karate Training on Basic Motor Abilities of Primary School Children

“You never attack first in karate” might be the best conclusion of karate, which is a martial art practiced typically without weapons. It’s reported that karate has a long history for several hundred years, but the modern karate was spread to the whole Japan from Okinawa in the early part of 20th century. Now it has become one of the most widely practiced martial art forms in the world. Usually, it’s divided into Kihon, Kata and Kumite. As for the beginners, Kihon is more suitable for them because it involves basic techniques. Due to karate consists of dynamic offensive and defensive techniques using all parts of the body to their maximum advantage, the best understanding of true karate practice is the perfection of oneself through the perfection of the art. It not only develops coordination, quickens reflexes, and builds stamina, but also develops composure, a clearer thought process, deeper insight into one’s mental capabilities, and more self-confidence. So many researchers stu...
发表评论
阅读全文

Fermented Brown Sugar Residue Prolongs the Caenorhabditis elegans Lifespan via DAF-16

Fermented brown sugar residue (FBSR) is generated in the course of purifying biomass ethanol from the yeast fermentation products of brown sugar. It contains abundant nutrition and is used in various industrial applications including as fertilizer and feed. Meanwhile, brown sugar has attracted attention as a health food and is thought to prevent cardiovascular diseases, hypertension, and brain stem diseases. Furthermore, polyphenol, contained in brown sugar, reduces oxidative stress and inhibits glucose absorption. DAF-16 is a transcription factor regulated downstream of the insulin signaling pathway and is one of the main factors contributing to aging and lifespan in C. elegans . Therefore, to determine the precise roles of the DAF-16 transcription factor in stress tolerance and life span, it is necessary to elucidate the signaling pathways involved in DAF-16 activation. This study was designed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms controlling the physiological stress toleran...
发表评论
阅读全文