跳至主要内容

General Topology of the Universe

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=49368#.VI5ZFMnQrzE

Author(s)  
General topology of the universe is described. It is concluded that topology of the present universe is greater or stronger than the topology of the universe in the past and topology of the future universe will be stronger or greater than the present topology of the universe. Consequently, the universe remains unbounded. The general topological approach comprises of powerful techniques that could prove to be useful to prescribe mathematical constraints on the global character of the universe as well as on the manifold of space-time.
Cite this paper
Pandya, A. (2014) General Topology of the Universe. Applied Mathematics, 5, 2442-2446. doi: 10.4236/am.2014.516235.
 

[1] Aalok, P. (2012) Null Cone Representation of Interactions and Causal Structure. Physics Essays, 25, 228-232.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-25.2.228
[2] Aalok, P. (2013) Computational Investigations of the Null Cone Representation of Interactions. Physics Essays, 26, 24-26.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4006/0836-1398-26.1.24
[3] Joshi, P.S. (1993) Global Aspects in Gravitation and Cosmology. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford.
[4] Hartle, J.B. and Hawking, S.W. (1983) Wave Function of the Universe. Physical Review D, 28, 2960-2975; Hawking, S.W. (1984) Quantum State of the Universe. Nuclear Physics B, 39, 257-276.
[5] Hawking, S.W. and Ellis, G.F.R. (1973) The Large Scale Structure of Space-Time. Cambridge University Press, Cam-bridge.
[6] Lachieze-Rey, M. and Luminet, J.P. (1995) Cosmic Topology. Physics Reports, 254, 135-214.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(94)00085-H
[7] Li, M. (1986) On Topological Aspects of the Birth of the Universe. Physics Letters B, 173, 229-232.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-2693(86)90507-1
[8] Melott, A.L. (1990) The Topology of the Large Scale Structure in the Universe. Physics Reports, 193, 1-39.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0370-1573(90)90162-U
[9] Penrose, R. (1972) Techniques of Differential Topology in Relativity. A. M. S. Colloquium Publications, SIAM Philadelphia.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1137/1.9781611970609
[10] Vyas, U.D. and Joshi, P.S. (1989) Topological Techniques in General Relativity in Geometry and Topology. World Scientific, Singapore, 315-331.
[11] Munkres, J.R. (1975) Topology: A First Course. Prentice-Hall Inc., Englewood Cliffs.                                                   eww141215lx

评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...