跳至主要内容

Regional Characteristics of Temperature Anomalies in Pakistan with Emphasis on Spatial Distribution at Decadal Scale: A Case Study of August (1950s-2000s)

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50830#.VE3BPlfHRK0

In this paper the month of August was assessed from 1950s-2000s based on the temperature data from 53 stations that covers almost all Pakistan. The temperature coefficient has been calculated by making use of linear regression. The results have been mapped that show considerable variability of temperature at decadal scale in different areas of Pakistan. The rugged terrains especially and rest of Pakistan generally reflect significant temperature variability in the decades of 1950s, 1960s, 1970s, 1980s, 1990s and 2000s as well. This change in temperature varies from region to region and decade to decade in Pakistan. The temperature anomalies achieved in the country are complicated at local level and did not follow the simple perception that winter months are warming and summer months are cooling. In this study, a geographical approach has been adopted to explain the spatial-temporal dynamics of temperature variation over the study period in Pakistan with emphasis on regional detail.
Cite this paper
Ahmad, I. , Ambreen, R. , Sultan, S. , Sun, Z. and Nawaz, M. (2014) Regional Characteristics of Temperature Anomalies in Pakistan with Emphasis on Spatial Distribution at Decadal Scale: A Case Study of August (1950s-2000s). Atmospheric and Climate Sciences, 4, 721-726. doi: 10.4236/acs.2014.44065. 
 

[1] Christensen, J.H., Hewitson, B., Busuioc., A, Chen, A., Gao, X., Held, I., Jones, R., Kolli, R.K, Kwon, W.-T., Laprise, R., Magaña, R.V., Mearns, L., Menéndez, C.G., Räisänen, J., Rinke, A., Sarr, A. and Whetton, P. (2007) Regional Climate Projections. In: Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K.B., Tignor, M. and Miller, H.L., Eds., Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, United Kingdom and New York, USA.
[2] Cruz, R.V., Harasawa, H., Lal, M., Wu, S., Anokhin, Y., Punsalmaa, B., Honda, Y., Jafari, M., Li, C. and Huu, N.N. (2007) Asia. Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. In: Parry, M.L., Canziani, O.F., Palutikof, J.P., van der Linden, P.J. and Hanson, C.E., Eds., Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK, 469-506.
[3] Lal, M., Harasawa, H., Murdiyarso, D., Adger, W.N., Adhikary, S., Ando, M., Anokhin, Y., Cruz, R.V., et al. (2001) Asia. Climate Change 2001: Impacts, Adaptation, and Vulnerability. In: McCarthy, J.J., Canziani, O.F., Leary, N.A., Dokken, D.J. and White, K.S.., Eds., Contribution of Working Group II to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 533-590.
[4] Barlow, M., Cullen, H. and Lyon, B. (2002) Drought in Central and Southwest Asia: La Niña, the Warm Pool, and Indian Ocean Precipitation. Journal of Climate, 15, 697-700.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0442(2002)015<0697:DICASA>2.0.CO;2
[5] UNFCCC, Climate Change (2007) Impacts, Vulnerabilities and Adaptation in Developing Countries.
http://unfccc.int/resource/docs/publications/impacts
[6] Pachauri, R.K. (2009) Regional Conference on “Climate Change: Challenges and Opportunities for South Asia”, 13-14 January 2009, Islamabad.
[7] Pakistan Meteorological Department (PMD) (2009) Climate Change Indicators of Pakistan. Technical Report No. PMD 22/2009, PMD, Islamabad. http://www.pakmet.com.pk
[8] Easterling, D.R., Evans, J.L., Groisman, P.Y., Karl, T.R., Kunkel, K.E. and Ambenje, P. (2000) Observed Variability and Trends in Extreme Climate Events: A Brief Review. Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, 81, 417-425.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/1520-0477(2000)081<0417:OVATIE>2.3.CO;2
[9] Mahrt, L. (2006) Variation of Surface Air Temperature in Complex Terrain. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 45, 1481-1493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1175/JAM2419.1
[10] David, B., Petra, M., Klein, S.C. and Arms, A.S. (2009) Variability of Surface Air Temperature over Gently Sloped Terrain. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology, 48, 1117-1141. (Online Publication)
[11] Buhairi, M. (2010) Analysis of Monthly, Seasonal and Annual Air Temperature Variability and Trends in Taiz City - Republic of Yemen. Journal of Environmental Protection, 1, 401-409.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2010.14046
[12] Griggs, D.J. and Noguer, M. (2002) Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Third Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Weather, 57, 267-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1256/004316502320517344
[13] Nordhaus, W.D. (2007) A Review of the “Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change”. Journal of Economic Literature, 45, 686-702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jel.45.3.686
[14] Hansen, J. and Lebedeff, S. (1987) Global Trends of Measured Surface Air Temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984-2012), 92, 345-372.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/JD092iD11p13345
[15] Liu, X. and Chen, B. (2000) Climatic Warming in the Tibetan Plateau during Recent Decades. International Journal of Climatology, 20, 1729-1742.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0088(20001130)20:14<1729::AID-JOC556>3.0.CO;2-Y
[16] Magnuson, J., et al. (2000) Historical Trends in Lake and River Ice Cover in the Northern Hemisphere. Science, 289, 1743-1746. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.289.5485.1743
[17] Ahmad, I., Zhaobo, S, Deng, W. and Ambreen, R. (2010) Trend Analysis of January Temperature in Pakistan over the Period of 1961-2006: Geographical Perspective. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology, 13, 11-22.
[18] Rasul, G., Qin, D. and Chaudhry, Q.Z. (2008) Global Warming and Melting Glaciers along Southern Slopes of HKH Ranges. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology, 1, 63-76.
[19] Singh, N., and Sontakke, N.A. (1996) Climate Variability over Pakistan and its relationship to variations over the Indian region. In: Abrol, Y.P., et al., Eds., Climate Variability and Agriculture, Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi, 67-95.
[20] Chaudhry, Q.Z. and Rasul, G. (2004) Climatic Classification of Pakistan. Science Vision, 9, No. 1-2 (Jul-Dec, 2003) and No. 3-4 (Jan-Jun, 2004), 59-66.
[21] Khan, T.M.A., Khan, F.A. and Jilani, R. (2008) Sea Surface Temperature Variability along Pakistan Coast and Its Relation to El Niño-Southern Oscillation. Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 4, 67-72.
[22] Afzaal, M., Athar, H.M. and Chaudhry, Q.Z. (2009) Interdecadal Oscillations and the Warming Trend in the Area-Weighted Annual Mean Temperature of Pakistan. Pakistan Journal of Meteorology, 6, 13-19.
[23] Islam, S., Rehman, N. and Sheikh, M.M. (2009) Future Change in the Frequency of Warm and Cold Spells over Pakistan Simulated by the PRECIS Regional Climate Model, Climate Change. Springer Science + Business Media B.V. 2009, Published Online.                                     eww141027lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...
发表评论
阅读全文

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...
发表评论
阅读全文