跳至主要内容

Food Is Security: The Nexus of Health Security in Fragile and Failed States

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50439#.VD9UsFfHRK0

Author(s)   
Global food security is a major development challenge dictated by state stability, resilience to geopolitical and economic shocks and is linked to health security. Fragile and failed nation-states are at risk of extreme poverty and lead to war and conflict. Fragile states experience, corrupt financial regimes and are influenced by skewed global market systems and reduced equitable market access that decrease food and health security. This qualitative review describes the critical cross sections of food security, the influence of global market systems and state stability and institutions that form the nexus of global health security. We outline how the manipulation of free market systems and decreased state capacity not only decrease food and health security but also contribute to state fragility and failure. Improved public health policy mechanisms, decreased dependence on foreign financial structures and extractive mechanisms are crucial to improving food and health security at present, and to further increase state stability in the future.
Cite this paper
Quinn, J. , Zeleny, T. and Bencko, V. (2014) Food Is Security: The Nexus of Health Security in Fragile and Failed States. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 5, 1828-1842. doi: 10.4236/fns.2014.519197. 
 

[1] Hinrichs, C.C. (2012) Regionalizing Food Security? Imperatives, Intersections and Contestations in a Post-9/11 World. Journal of Rural Studies, 29, 7-18.
[2] Newman, E. (2009) Failed States and International Order: Constructing a Post-Westphalian World. Contemporary Security Policy, 30, 421-443.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13523260903326479
[3] Kitissou, M. (2014) Africa South of the Sahara 2008-2011: Hunger as a Factor in Political Instability. The Journal of Pan African Studies, 6, 187-195.
[4] Messer, E. and Cohen, M.J. (2007) Conflict, Food Insecurity and Globalization. Food, Culture and Society, 10, 297-315.
[5] Kemp, G. (2014) Scarcity and Strategy. Foreign Affairs, 56, 376.
[6] Ng, N. and Prah Ruger, J. (2011) Global Health Governance at a Crossroads. Global Health Governance, 3, 1-35.
[7] Labonté, R. and Gagnon, M. (2010) Review: Framing Health and Foreign Policy: Lessons for Global Health Diplomacy. Globalization and Health, 6, 14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-6-14
[8] Kent, G. (2005) Freedom from Want: The Human Right to Adequate Food. Georgetown University Press, Washington DC.
[9] Aldis, W. (2008) Health Security as a Public Health Concept: A Critical Analysis. Health Policy Planning, 23, 369-375.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czn030
[10] Chiu, Y.W., Weng, Y.H., Su, Y.Y., Huang, C.Y., Chang, Y.C. and Kuo, K.N. (2009) The Nature of International Health Security. Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 18, 679-683.
[11] Macrae, J. (1996) Purity or Political Engagement?: Issues in Food and Health Security Interventions in Complex Political Emergencies. Proceedings of UNU-WIDER & QEH Project Meeting on the Political Economy of Humanitarian Emergencies, Helsinki, 6-8 October 1996.
[12] Patrick, S. (2011) Weak Links: Fragile States, Global Threats and International Security. Oxford University Press, New York.
[13] Collier, P. (2007) The Bottom Billion: Why the Poorest Countries Are Failing and What Can Be Done about It. Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[14] Hotez, P.J. (2008) Forgotten People, Forgotten Diseases: The Neglected Tropical Diseases and Their Impact on Global Health and Development. ASM Press, Washington DC.
[15] Catalano, R. (1991) The Health Effects of Economic Insecurity. American Journal of Public Health, 81, 1148-1152.
[16] Paris, R. (2001) Human Security: Paradigm Shift or Hot Air? International Security, 26, 87-102.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/016228801753191141
[17] Zoellick, R. (2008) Fragile States: Securing Development. Survival, 50, 67-84.
[18] Gros, J.-G. (1996) Towards a Taxonomy of Failed States in the New World Order: Decaying Somalia, Liberia, Rwanda and Haiti. Third World Quarterly, 17, 455-471.
[19] Rotberg, R.I. (2003) State Failure and State Weakness in a Time of Terror. World Peace Foundation, New York.
[20] The US Fund for Peace (2012) Failed States Index 2011. The Fund for Peace Publication, Washington DC.
[21] Rotberg, R.I. (2004) When States Fail: Causes and Consequences. Princeton University Press, Princeton.
[22] Patrick, S. (2006) Weak States and Global Threats: Assessing Evidence of Spillovers. Center for Global Development Working Paper No. 73.
[23] Naim, M. (2005) Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers and Copycats are Hijacking the Global Economy. Doubleday Press, New York.
[24] Zartman, I.W. (2005) Cowardly Lions: Missed Opportunities to Prevent Deadly Conflict and State Collapse. Lynne Rienner Publisher, London.
[25] Bomann-Larsen, L. and Wiggen, O., Eds. (2004) Responsibility in World Business: Managing Harmful Side-Effects of Corporate Activity. United Nations University Press, Tokyo.
[26] Alarcon, D., Deoudes, G., Joehnk, T.F., Jordan, K., Kim, S., Lai, V., Minkovski, P. and Powell, R. (2012) Global Food Security Index 2012: An Assessment of Food Affordability, Availability and Quality. The Economist Intelligence Unit, London.
[27] Boas, M. and Jennings, K.M. (2005) Insecurity and Development: The Rhetoric of the “Failed State”. The European Journal of Development Research, 17, 385-395.
[28] Call, C. (2011) Beyond the “Failed State”: Toward Conceptual Alternatives. European Journal of International Relations, 17, 303-326.
[29] Zolnikov, T.R. (2013) The Maladies of Water and War: Addressing Poor Water Quality in Iraq. American Journal of Public Health, 103, 980-987.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2012.301118
[30] US Agency for International Development (USAID) Earthquake and Cholera Fact Sheet #11, Fiscal Year (FY) 2011. US Agency for International Development, Washington DC.
[31] UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) (2012) Humanitarian Bulletin: Syria. Issue 5, 20 July -03 August 2012.
[32] Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations (FAO), World Food Program (WFP) and the Syrian Ministry of Agriculture and Agrarian Reform (SMAAR) (2012) Joint Rapid Food Security Needs Assessment (JRFSNA): Arab Republic.
[33] Famine Early Warning Systems Network (FEWS NET) (2011) Afghanistan-Food Security Outlook July to December 2011. Washington DC.
http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/Full_Report_1902.pdf
[34] Zyck, S. (2011) Afghanistan: Review Comprehensive Information on Complex Crises. Civil-Military Fusion Centre.
[35] Maher, D., Ford, N. and Unwin, N., (2012) Priorities for Developing Countries in the Global Response to Non-Communicable Diseases. Globalization and Health, 8, 14.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1744-8603-8-14
[36] Bryceson, D.F. (1989) Nutrition and the Commoditization of Food in Sub-Saharan Africa. Social Science & Medicine, 28, 425-440.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0277-9536(89)90098-1
[37] Sandel, M.J. (2012) What Money Can’t Buy: The Moral Limits of Markets. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
[38] Conceicao, P. and Mendoza, R.U. (2009) Anatomy of the Food Crisis. Third World Quarterly, 30, 1159-1182.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590903037473
[39] Harvey, P. (2009) Social Protection in Fragile States: Lessons Learned. In: Promoting Pro-Poor Growth: Social Protection, OECD, Paris, 183-199.
[40] Kaufman, F. (2011) How Goldman Sachs Created the Food Crisis. Foreign Policy, 19 May 2011.
[41] Erb, C.B. and Harvey, C.R. (2006) The Strategic and Tactical Value of Commodity Futures. Financial Analysts Journal, 62, 69-97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2469/faj.v62.n2.4084
[42] Baker, C.M. (2010) Regulating the Invisible: The Case of Over-the-Counter Derivatives. Notre Dame Law Review, 85, 1287.
[43] Levin, C. and Coburn, T. (2009) Excessive Speculation in the Wheat Market. Majority and Minority Staff Report, Permanent Subcommittee on Investigations, United States Senate.
[44] McMichaela, P. and Schneidera, M. (2011) Food Security Politics and the Millennium Development Goals. Third World Quarterly, 32, 119-139.
[45] Daly, H. (2005) Economics in a Full World. Scientific American, 293, 100-107.
[46] Clapp, J. (2009) Food Price Volatility in the Global South: Considering the Global Economic Context. Third World Quarterly, 30, 1183-1196.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01436590903037481
[47] Sage, C. (2012) The Interconnected Challenges for Food Security from a Food Regimes Perspective: Emergency, Climate and Malconsumption. Journal of Rural Studies, 28, 1-10.
[48] Southgate, D. (2009) Population Growth, Increases in Agricultural Production and Trends in Food Prices. The Electronic Journal of Sustainable Development, 1.
[49] Brown, L. (2011) The New Geopolitics of Food: From the Middle East to Madagascar, High Prices Are Spawning Land Grabs and Ousting Dictators. Welcome to the 21st-Century Food Wars. Foreign Policy, 53-62.
[50] Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, FAO (2011) State of Food Insecurity in the World. Corporate Document Repository, Rome.
http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i2330e/i2330e.pdf
[51] Ruitenberg, R. (2011) World Food Prices Climb to Record as UN Sounds Alarm on Further Shortages. Bloomberg, New York.
[52] Acemoglu, D. and Robinson, J.A. (2012) Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity and Poverty. Profile Books, London.
[53] Stiglitz, J. (2006) Making Globalization Work. Norton, New York, 44.
[54] Alinovi, L., Hemrich, G. and Russo, L. (2007) Addressing Food Insecurity in Fragile States: Case Studies form the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Somalia and Sudan. ESA Working Paper No. 07-21, July 2007, Agricultural Development Economics Division (ESA), The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations.
[55] North, D. (1990) Institutions, Institutional Change and Economic Performance. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511808678
[56] Moyo, D. (2011) Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa. Farrar, Straus and Giroux, New York.
[57] Seybolt, T. (2009) Harmonizing the Humanitarian Aid Network: Adaptive Change in a Complex System. International Studies Quarterly, 53, 1027-1050.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2009.00567.x
[58] Fleck, R. and Kilby, C. (2009) Changing Aid Regimes? US Foreign Aid from the Cold War to the War on Terror. Journal of Development Economics, 91, 185-197.
[59] Baliamoune-Lutz, M. and McGillivary, M. (2008) State Fragility: Concept and Measurement. World Institute for Development Economic Research (UNU-WIDER), Research Paper No. 2008/44.                                eww141016lx
[60] Houta, W. (2010) Between Development and Security: The European Union, Governance and Fragile States. Third World Quarterly, 31, 141-157.
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Electron Spin and Proton Spin in the Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Like Atomic Systems

Read full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52202#.VIj7tMnQrzE Author(s) Stanisław Olszewski * Affiliation(s) Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland . ABSTRACT The mechanical angular momentum and magnetic moment of the electron and proton spin have been calculated semiclassically with the aid of the uncertainty principle for energy and time. The spin effects of both kinds of the elementary particles can be expressed in terms of similar formulae. The quantization of the spin motion has been done on the basis of the old quantum theory. It gives a quantum number n = 1/2 as the index of the spin state acceptable for both the electron and proton ...
发表评论
阅读全文

A Study on the Seismic Isolation Systems of Bridges with Lead Rubber Bearings

Read full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52566#.VJt06cCAM4 Author(s)   Woo-Suk Kim , Dong-Joon Ahn , Jong-Kook Lee Affiliation(s) School of Architecture, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea . ABSTRACT This study consists of the development and presentation of example of seismic isolation system analysis and design for a continuous, 3-span, cast-in-place concrete box girder bridge. It is expected that example is developed for all Lead-Rubber Bearing (LRB) seismic isolation system on piers and abutments which placed in between super-structure and sub-structure. Design forces, displacements, and drifts are given distinctive consideration in...
发表评论
阅读全文

Effects of Karate Training on Basic Motor Abilities of Primary School Children

“You never attack first in karate” might be the best conclusion of karate, which is a martial art practiced typically without weapons. It’s reported that karate has a long history for several hundred years, but the modern karate was spread to the whole Japan from Okinawa in the early part of 20th century. Now it has become one of the most widely practiced martial art forms in the world. Usually, it’s divided into Kihon, Kata and Kumite. As for the beginners, Kihon is more suitable for them because it involves basic techniques. Due to karate consists of dynamic offensive and defensive techniques using all parts of the body to their maximum advantage, the best understanding of true karate practice is the perfection of oneself through the perfection of the art. It not only develops coordination, quickens reflexes, and builds stamina, but also develops composure, a clearer thought process, deeper insight into one’s mental capabilities, and more self-confidence. So many researchers stu...
发表评论
阅读全文