跳至主要内容

Effect of Harvesting Time and Moisture Content on Energy Consumption of Compressing Switchgrass

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50888#.VE8FpFfHRK0

As a dedicated energy crop, switchgrass may be harvested in fall or early spring depending on weather conditions, field capacities of harvesting machines, storage capacities, field management and availability of machine operators. To reduce storage space demand and increase transportation efficiency, harvested switchgrass should be densified. This research was conducted to examine energy consumption of compressing switchgrass collected from various harvesting seasons. Results indicated that the switchgrass harvested in the spring required the maximum energy consumption to process due to its dry and brittle nature. Conversely, the switchgrass harvested in the fall required less energy to compress due to its higher moisture content and associated reduction in resistive forces. For the same moisture content, fall harvested switchgrass would consume less energy to compress compared to spring harvested due to changes in properties of switchgrass over the winter.
Cite this paper
Kemmerer, B. and Liu, J. (2014) Effect of Harvesting Time and Moisture Content on Energy Consumption of Compressing Switchgrass. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5, 3241-3249. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2014.521338
 

[1] Sokhansanj, S. (2009) Large-Scale Production, Harvest and Logistics of Switchgrass (Panicumvirgatum L.)—Current Technology and Envisioning a Mature Technology. Biofuels, Bioproducts & Biorefining, 3, 124-141.
[2] Kumar, P.K. and Ileleji, K.E. (2009) Techno-Economic Analysis of the Transportation, Storage, and Handling Requirments for Suppling Lignocellulosic Biomass Feedstocks for Ethanol Production. ASABE Paper No. 097427, ASABE, St. Joseph.
[3] Sokhansanj, S. (2004) Biomass Densification-Cubing Operations and Costs for Corn Stover. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 20, 495-499.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.16480
[4] Cundiff, J.S. and Marsh, L.S. (1996) Harvest and Storage Costs for Bales of Switchgrass in the Southeastern United States. Bioresource Technology, 56, 95-101.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-8524(95)00166-2
[5] Lam, P.S., Sokhansanj, S., Bi, X., Lim, C.J., Naimi, L.J., Hoque, M., Mani, S., Womac, A.R., Ye, X.P. and Narayan, S. (2008) Bulk Density of Wet and Dry Wheat Straw and Switchgrass Particles. Applied Engineering in Agriculture, 24, 351-358.
http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.24490
[6] Kalminski, T. (1989) Investigation of the Feasibility of Collection, Densification, Storage, Transportation, and Marketing of Agricultural Biomass. SRC Publications, Regina, Saskatchewan, 22-60.
[7] Van Pelt, T.J. (2003) Maize, Soybean, and Alfalfa Biomass Densification. CIGR Journal of Scientific Research and Development, 5, 1-17.
[8] Steffen Systems (2009) High Density Bale Compression Systems.
http://www.steffensystems.com/bale-conversion-systems.php
[9] Miles, T. (2008) Communications with T. R. Miles. Technical Consultants, Inc.
http://www.trmiles.com
[10] ANSI/ASAE S358.3 (2012) Moisture Measurement—Forages. ASABE, St. Joseph.
[11] REAP-Canada (2008) Optimization of Switchgrass Managment for Commercial Fuel Pellet Production.
http://www.reap-canada.com/online_library                  eww141028lx

评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...