跳至主要内容

Sigma Phase Formation and Embrittlement of Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel (Fe-Cr-Ni) Alloys

Read  full  paper  at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=20524#.VNhuDSzQrzE

ABSTRACT
HK alloy is a member of the heat resistant cast alloy family (H-Series) steels. They are widely used in the petrochemical industry for components requiring enhanced high temperature properties. Microstructural changes occurring at high temperature clearly affects its mechanical properties. These properties have been shown in HK-40 steel subjected to high-temperature degradation and prone to the formation of sigma phase. The investigation carried out included metallurgical analysis, materials characterization and mechanical analysis. Metallurgical analysis included advanced metallography techniques to characterize its microstructure morphology and properties. Significant depletion of vital precipitates observed that definitely degraded its high temperature properties. Mechanical analysis included hardness profile, tensile testing of samples taken from the tree supports and tested in room temperature and in 800°C environments. Experimental results revealed that the structure of HK-40 affected by the formation of the high temperature brittle sigma-s-phase. Nonetheless, mechanical properties did not suffer much at higher temperature.
 
Cite this paper
A. Babakr, A. Al-Ahmari, K. Al-Jumayiah and F. Habiby, "Sigma Phase Formation and Embrittlement of Cast Iron-Chromium-Nickel (Fe-Cr-Ni) Alloys," Journal of Minerals and Materials Characterization and Engineering, Vol. 7 No. 2, 2008, pp. 127-145.
 
References
[1]ASM handbook, failure analysis and prevention, vol. 11, ASM International,Materials Park (OH) (1996).
 
[2]Colangelo, V.J. and Heiser, F.A., Analysis of metallurgical failures (2nd ed.),Wiley, New York (NY) (1987).
 
[3]El-Batahgy, A. and Zaghloul, B., “Creep failure of cracking heater at a petrochemical plant,” Materials Characterization, v. 54, n. 3, March 2005, 239-245
 
[4]Kumar, R.A., Sinha, S.K., Tiwari, Y.N., Swaminathan, J., Das, G. and Chaudhuri S., Analysis of failed reformer tubes, Engineering Failure Analysis, 10 (2003),351-358.
 
[5]Ashby, M.F. Deformation-Mechanism, Maps, Acta Metallurgica, v. 20, 887-897,1972.
 
[6]Dyson, B. Use of CDM in Materials Modeling and Component Creep Life Prediction, J. Pressure Vessel Technol., v. 122, 281-296, 2000.
 
[7]Ejaz, N. and Tauqir, A., “Failure due to structural degradation in turbine blades,”Engineering Failure Analysis, v.13, n. 3, April 2006, 452-463.
 
[8]Barbosa, C., Nascimento, J.L., Caminha, I.M.V. and. Abud, I.C, “Microstructural aspects of the failure analysis of nickel base superalloys components, “Engineering Failure Analysis, v. 12, n. 3, June 2005, 348-361
 
[9]Pang, H.T., and Reed, P.A.S.k, “Microstructure effects on high temperature fatigue crack initiation and short crack growth in turbine disc nickel-base superalloy Udimet 720Li,” Materials Science and Engineering: A, v. 448, n. 1-2,15 March 2007, 67-79.
 
[10]Coreno-Alonso, O., Duffus-Scott, A., Zánchez-Cornejo, C., Core?o-Alonso, J.,de Jesús, F.S., and Bolarín-Miró, A., “On the effect of a-phase formation during metal dusting,” Materials Chemistry and Physics, v. 84, n. 1, March 2004, 20-28.
 
[11]Kobayashi, K., Yamaguchi, K., Hayakawa, M., and Kimura, M., “Grain size effect on high-temperature fatigue properties of alloy718,” Materials Letters v.59, n. 2-3, February 2005, 383-386.
 
[12]Bulloch, J. H. and Bernard, P. J.,” A remaining life assessment of a cracked attemperator steam line,” Engineering Failure Analysis, v.8, n. 6, December 2001, 529-540.
 
[13]Shang, D.G., Sun, G.Q., Yan,C.L., Chen, J.H., and Cai, N., “Creep-fatigue life prediction under fully-reversed multiaxial loading at high temperatures,” International Journal of Fatigue, v. 29, n. 4, April 2007, 705-712.
 
[14]Inoue, T., Okazaki, M., Igari, T., Sakane, M. and Kishi, S., “Evaluation of fatigue-creep life prediction methods in multiaxial stress state,” Nuclear Engineering and Design 126 (1991), 13–21.
 
[15]Ogata, T. and Yaguchi, M., “Damage mechanism in weldment of 2.25Cr–1Mo steel under creep–fatigue loading,” Engineering Fracture Mechanics v. 74, n. 6, April 2007, 947-955.
 
[16]Elmer, J.W., Palmer , T.A., and Specht, E.D., “In situ observations of sigma phase dissolution in 2205 duplex stainless steel using synchrotron X-ray diffraction,” Materials Science and Engineering: A 459 (2007) 151–155.
 
[17]Kington, A. V. and Noble, F. W., “a-phase embrittlement of a type 310 stainless steel,” Materials Science and Engineering A, Volume 138, Issue 2, 15 June 1991, 259-266.
 
[18]Barcik, J, “The kinetics of a-phase precipitation in AISI310 and AISI316 steels,” Metallurgical and Materials Transactions: A, v. 14, n. 3, March, 1983, 635-641.
 
[19]Solomon, H.D., Devine, T.M., in R.D. Lula (Ed.), Duplex Stainless Steels, American Society for Metals, Metals Park, OH, 1983, pp. 693–756.
 
[20]Sedriks,J., “Corrosion of Stainless Steels”, John Wiley & Sons, 2nd edition (New York, NY 1996), p. 22.
 
[21]Jahromi, S.A.J., Javadpour, S., and Gheisari, Kh., “Failure analysis of welded joints in a power plant exhaust flue,” Engineering Failure Analysis, v. 13, n. 4, June 2006, 527-536.
 
[22]Honeycombe, R.W.K. Steels: Microstructure and Properties, (Arnold, London, 1995-2nd ed).
 
[23]Brett, S.J., “In-service cracking mechanism affecting 2CrMo welds in 1/2CrMoV steam pipework systems,” Proceeding of international conference on integrity of high-temperature welds, IOM (1998), pp. 3–14.
 
[24]Peckner, D., Bernstein, I. M., Handbook of Stainless Steels, McGraw-Hill, 1977.
 
[25]Lamb, S. and Bringas, J.E., eds, Practical Handbook of Stainless Steels & Nickel Alloys ASM International; 1 edition (October 1999).
 
[26]Blair, M. C., “Cast Stainless Steels,” Metals Handbook, Vol. 1 (Materials Park,OH: ASM International, 1990), 908.
 
[27]Zhu, S. J., Wang, Y. and Wang, F. G., ”Comparison of the creep crack growth resistance of HK40 and HP40 heat-resistant steels, Journal of Materials Science Letters, v. 9, n. 5, May, 1990, 520-521.
 
[28]Pankiw, R. I., Voke, D.P., Muralidharan, G., Evans, N. D., Stevens, C. O., Liu, K. C., Santella, M. L., Maziasz, P. J., and Sikka, V. K,. “Precipitation and its effect on the design of cast heat resistant alloys,” Corrosion/ 2007, paper 7424.
 
[29]Authors’ personal investigative experiences.
 
[30]Ezuber, H.M., El-Houd, A., El-Shawesh, F., “Effects of sigma phase precipitation on seawater pitting of duplex stainless steel,” Desalination 207, 2007, 268–275.
 
[31]Lopez, N., Cid, N., and Puiggali, M., “Influence of ?-phase on mechanical properties and corrosion resistance of duplex stainless steels, “Corrosion Science, v. 41, n. 8, 1 August 1999, 1615-1631. Scripta Materialia, v. 50, n. 10, May 2004, 1351-1354.
 
[32]Johnson, E., Kim, Y.J., Chumbley, L.S., and Gleeson, B., “Initial phase transformation diagram determination for the CD3MN cast duplex stainless steel,”
 
[33]Wilms, M.E., Gadgil, V.J., Krougman, J.M., Kolster, B.H., “Effect of a-phase precipitation at 800°C on the mechanical properties of a high alloyed duplex stainless steel,” Materials at High Temperatures, v. 9, n. 3, August 1991, 160-166.
 
[34]Patankar, S.N., Tan, M.J., “Sigma phase precipitation during superplastic forming of duplex stainless steel,” Materials at High Temperatures, v. 19, n. 1, 2002, 41-44.
 
[35]M. C. Blair, “Cast Stainless Steels,” Metals Handbook, ASM International, V.11990), page, 908.
 
[36]Hansen, D. A., and Puyear, R.B., Materials selection for hydrocarbon and chemical plants, Marcel Dekker, INC., 1996.
 
[37]Hau, J., and Seijas, A., “Sigma phase embrittlement of stainless steel in FCC service,” CORROSION2006, paper 06578.
 
[38]Metals Handbook, Vol. 13: Corrosion, ASM International, Metals Park, Ohio, 1987, p. 11.
 
[39]Li, J., Wu, T., and Riquier, Y., “Sigma phase precipitation and its effect on the mechanical properties of a super duplex stainless steel, “Materials Science. And Engineering, A174, p. 149-156 (1994).
 
[40]Tiong, D.K-K, Walsh, J., and, McHaney, J.H.,”Technical challenges in using super duplex stainless steel,” CORROSION2006, paper6147.
 
[41]Vander Voort, G.F., Properties and selection: iron steels and high performance alloys, Metals Handbook, vol. 1, 10th ed., ASM International, 2001, p. 709.
 
[42]Kobayashi, D.Y., and Wolynec, S., “Evaluation of the low corrosion resistant phase formed during the sigma phase precipitation in duplex-stainless steels,” Materials Research, 1999, vol. 2, no. 4, pp. 239-247.
 
[43]Natesan, K., “Materials performance in coal fluidized bed combustion environment,” 10th International Pittsburgh Coal Conference, Pittsburgh, PA, September 20--24, 1993.
 
[44]Sedriks, A.J. Corrosion of Stainless Steels, 2nd edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1996.
 
[45]Zucato, I., Moreira, M.C., Machado, I.F., and Lebrao, S.M., “ Microstructural characterization and the effect of phase transformations on toughness of the UNS S31803 duplex stainless steel aged treated at 850°C,” Materials Research,July/Sept. 2002, vol.5, no.3, p.385-389.
 
[46]STEEL CASTINGS HANDBOOK Supplement 9 High Alloy Data Sheets Heat Series Steel Founders' Society of America 2004
 
[47]Dove, D., Messer, B., and Phillips, T.,”An austenitic stainless steel, resistant to high temperature creep and naphthenic acids attack in refinery environments,” CORROSION2001, paper 01523.
 
[48]Nicolio, C.J., and Holmquist, M., “Duplex alloys; challenging corrosion in the New millennium,” CORROION2002, paper 02120.
 
[49]Tang, Y.J., Wang, Q.M., Yuan, F.H., Gong, J., and Sun, C., “High-temperature oxidation behavior of arc ion plated NiCoCrAlYSiB coatings on cobalt-based super alloy,” Journal of Materials Research, Vol. 21, No. 3, page 737. Mar 2006.                                                                                                          eww150209lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Electron Spin and Proton Spin in the Hydrogen and Hydrogen-Like Atomic Systems

Read full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52202#.VIj7tMnQrzE Author(s) Stanisław Olszewski * Affiliation(s) Institute of Physical Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland . ABSTRACT The mechanical angular momentum and magnetic moment of the electron and proton spin have been calculated semiclassically with the aid of the uncertainty principle for energy and time. The spin effects of both kinds of the elementary particles can be expressed in terms of similar formulae. The quantization of the spin motion has been done on the basis of the old quantum theory. It gives a quantum number n = 1/2 as the index of the spin state acceptable for both the electron and proton ...
发表评论
阅读全文

A Study on the Seismic Isolation Systems of Bridges with Lead Rubber Bearings

Read full paper at: http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52566#.VJt06cCAM4 Author(s)   Woo-Suk Kim , Dong-Joon Ahn , Jong-Kook Lee Affiliation(s) School of Architecture, Kumoh National Institute of Technology, Gumi, Republic of Korea . ABSTRACT This study consists of the development and presentation of example of seismic isolation system analysis and design for a continuous, 3-span, cast-in-place concrete box girder bridge. It is expected that example is developed for all Lead-Rubber Bearing (LRB) seismic isolation system on piers and abutments which placed in between super-structure and sub-structure. Design forces, displacements, and drifts are given distinctive consideration in...
发表评论
阅读全文

Effects of Karate Training on Basic Motor Abilities of Primary School Children

“You never attack first in karate” might be the best conclusion of karate, which is a martial art practiced typically without weapons. It’s reported that karate has a long history for several hundred years, but the modern karate was spread to the whole Japan from Okinawa in the early part of 20th century. Now it has become one of the most widely practiced martial art forms in the world. Usually, it’s divided into Kihon, Kata and Kumite. As for the beginners, Kihon is more suitable for them because it involves basic techniques. Due to karate consists of dynamic offensive and defensive techniques using all parts of the body to their maximum advantage, the best understanding of true karate practice is the perfection of oneself through the perfection of the art. It not only develops coordination, quickens reflexes, and builds stamina, but also develops composure, a clearer thought process, deeper insight into one’s mental capabilities, and more self-confidence. So many researchers stu...
发表评论
阅读全文