跳至主要内容

How Does the Change of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Affect Transportation Productivity? A Case Study of the US Transportation Sector from 2002 to 2011

Read  full  paper  at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53863#.VNm0byzQrzE

Author(s)   
 
ABSTRACT
A variety of research fields has analyzed actual productivity change from environmental pollution through the Malmquist environmental productivity index, but to our best knowledge, no research has thus far been conducted in the transportation sector to evaluate the effects of a CO2 emissions change on actual productivity. For this reason, this study reviews how actual productivity in the US transportation sector has been affected by the CO2 emissions change for 2002-2012 and then reveals the driving forces behind it. We find that a CO2 emissions increase from 2002 to 2007 has a negative effect on actual productivity in the US transportation sector, but the CO2 emissions reduction for 2008-2011 increases actual productivity. A state mainly showing a sustainable growing pattern (decrease in CO2 emissions and increase in actual productivity) experiences a higher technological innovation increase than an efficiency decrease. This finding suggests that using fuel-efficient and carbon reduction technologies as well as alternative transportation energy sources may be essential factors to both grow transportation and prevent global warming.
 
Cite this paper
Choi, J. and Roberts, D. (2015) How Does the Change of Carbon Dioxide Emissions Affect Transportation Productivity? A Case Study of the US Transportation Sector from 2002 to 2011. Open Journal of Social Sciences, 3, 96-106. doi: 10.4236/jss.2015.32013.
 
References
[1]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis. http://www.ipcc.ch/report/ar5/wg1/
 
[2]Barth, M. and Boriboonsomsin, K. (2008) Real-World Carbon Dioxide Impacts of Traffic Congestion. Transportation Research Record, 163-171. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2058-20
 
[3]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. http://www.ipcc.ch/publications_and_data/publications_ipcc_fourth_assessment_report_wg2_report_impacts_adaptation_and_vulnerability.htm
 
[4]The US Environmental Protection Agency (2014) Greenhouse Gases. http://www.epa.gov/climate/climatechange/science/indicators/ghg/index.html
 
[5]Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (2007) Climate Change 2007: Synthesis Report. http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/syr/ar4_syr.pdf
 
[6]The International Transport Forum (2010) Reducing Transport Greenhouse Gas Emissions: Trends and Data 2010. http://www.internationaltransportforum.org/Pub/pdf/10GHGTrends.pdf
 
[7]Krautzberger, L. and Wetzel, H. (2012) Transport and CO2: Productivity Growth and Carbon Dioxide Emissions in the European Commercial Transport Industry. Environmental and Resource Economics, 53, 435-454. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10640-012-9569-z
 
[8]The US Department of Energy (2014) Carbon Dioxide Information Analysis Center. http://cdiac.ornl.gov/trends/emis/tre_coun.html
 
[9]The US Environmental Protection Agency (2014) Overview of Greenhouse Gases. http://www.epa.gov/climatechange/ghgemissions/gases/co2.html
 
[10]Wang, M., Saricks, C. and Santini, D. (2014) Effects of Fuel Ethanol Use on Fuel-Cycle Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions. https://greet.es.anl.gov/publication-xf8nbkoc
 
[11]Karplus, V. and Paltsev, S. (2012) Proposed Vehicle Fuel Economy Standards in the US for 2017 to 2025. Transportation Research Record, 2287, 132-139. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2287-16
 
[12]The US Bureau of Economic Analysis (2014) Interactive Data. http://www.bea.gov/itable/
 
[13]The US Environmental Protection Agency (2014) State Energy CO2 Emissions. http://epa.gov/statelocalclimate/resources/state_energyco2inv.html
 
[14]The US Environmental Protection Agency (2014) Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger Vehicle. http://yosemite.epa.gov/oa/eab_web_docket.nsf/filings%20by%20appeal%20number/d67dd10def159ee28525771a0060f621/$file/exhibit%2034%20epa%20ghg%20emissions%20fact%20sheet...3.18.pdf
 
[15]Messa, C.A. (2006) Comparison of Emissions from Light Rail Transit, Electric Commuter Rail, and Diesel Multiple Units. Transportation Research Record, 1955, 26-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1955-04
 
[16]Boriboonsomsin, K., Barth, M. and Xu, K. (2009) Improvements to On-Road Emission Modeling of Freeways with High-Occupancy Vehicle Facilities. Transportation Research Record, 2123, 109-118. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2123-12
 
[17]Bittner, J., Baird, T. and Adams, T. (2012) Impacts of Panama Canal Expansion on US Greenhouse Gas Emissions. Transportation Research Record, 2273, 38-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/2273-05
 
[18]Nealer, R., Matthews, H.S. and Hendrickson, C. (2012) Assessing the Energy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions Mitigation Effectiveness of Potential US modal Freight Policies. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 46, 588-601. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2011.11.010
 
[19]Winchester, N., McConnachie, D., Wollersheim, C. and Waitz, I.A. (2013) Economic and Emissions Impacts of Renewable Fuel Goals for Aviation in the US. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 58, 116-128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tra.2013.10.001
 
[20]Rodrigues, V.S., Beresford, A., Pettit, S., Bhattacharya, S. and Harris, I. (2014) Assessing the Cost and CO2 Emissions Impacts of Rerouteing UK Import Containers. http://orca.cf.ac.uk/58613/1/S.Pettit%20Post%20Print%5B1%5D.pdf
 
[21]Buehler, R. (2014) Daily Travel and CO2 Emissions from Passenger Transport: A Comparison of Germany and the United States. https://ralphbu.files.wordpress.com/2011/09/paper-14-1043-revised.pdf
 
[22]F?re, R., Grosskopf, S., Lindgren, B. and Roos, P. (1992) Productivity Changes in Swedish Pharamacies 1980-1989: A Non-Parametic Malmquist Approach. The Journal of Productivity Analysis, 3, 85-101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00158770
 
[23]F?re, R. and Grosskopf, S. (1994) Theory and Calculation of Productivity Indexes. In: Eichhorn, W., Ed., Models and Measurement of Welfare and Inequality, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, Paris, 921-940.
 
[24]F?re, R., Grosskopf, S., Norris, M. and Zhang, Z. (1994) Productivity Growth, Technical Progress, and Efficiency Change in Industrialized Countries. The American Economic Review, 84, 66-83.
 
[25]F?re, R., Grosskopf, S., Lindgren, B. and Roos, P. (1994) Developments in Swedish Hospitals: A Malmquiest Output Index Approach. In: Charnes, A., Cooper, W.W., Lewin, A.Y. and Seiford, L.M., Eds., Data Envelopment Analysis: Theory, Methodology, and Application, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Boston, 253-272.
 
[26]Hjalmarsson, L., Kumbhakar, S.C. and Heshmati, A. (1996) DEA, DFA and SFA: A Comparison. The Journal of Pro- ductivity Analysis, 7, 303-327. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00157046
 
[27]Ball, V., Lovell, C., Luu, H. and Nehring, R. (2004) Incorporating Environmental Impacts in the Measurement of Agricultural Productivity Growth. Journal of Agricultural and Resource Economics, 29, 436-460.
 
[28]Heng, Y., Lim, S.H. and Chi, J. (2012) Toxic Air Pollutants and Trucking Productivity in the US. Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 17, 309-316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.trd.2012.01.001
 
[29]Lansink, A. and Silva, E. (2004) Non-Parametric Production Analysis of Pesticides Use in the Netherlands. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 21, 49-65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/B:PROD.0000012452.97645.30
 
[30]Managi, S., Opaluch, J.J., Jin, D. and Grigalunas, T.A. (2005) Environmental Regulations and Technological Change in the Offshore Oil and Gas Industry. Land Economics, 81, 303-319.
 
[31]Watjanapukka, K. (2006) Productivity Analysis of US Electricity Generation. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Georgia, Athens.
 
[32]Shortalla, O. and Barnesb, A. (2013) Greenhouse Gas Emissions and the Technical Efficiency of Dairy Farmers. Ecological Indicators, 29, 478-488. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolind.2013.01.022
 
[33]The US Department of Commerce (2014) The Logistics and Transportation Industry in the United States. http://selectusa.commerce.gov/industry-snapshots/logistics-and-transportation-industry-united-states
 
[34]The US Environmental Protection Agency (2014) State Climate and Energy Program. http://epa.gov/statelocalclimate/state/index.html
 
[35]The US Energy Information Administration (2014) Annual Energy Outlook 2014. http://www.eia.gov/forecasts/aeo/
 
[36]The US Environmental Protection Agency (2014) Air Pollution and the Clean Air Act. http://www.epa.gov/air/caa/
 
[37]The US Environmental Protection Agency (2014) Regulations and Standards. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/climate/regulations.htm
 
[38]Färe, R. and Grosskopf, S. (2000) Theory and Application of Directional Distance Functions. Journal of Productivity Analysis, 13, 93-103. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1007844628920
 
[39]Choi, J., Roberts, D.C. and Lee, E. (2015) Productivity Growth in the Transportation Industries in the United States: An Application of the DEA Malmquist Productivity Index. American Journal of Operations Research, 5, 1-20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ajor.2015.51001
 
[40]The US Census Bureau (2014) American Fact Finder. http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/index.xhtml
 
[41]The US Energy Information Administration (2014) State Energy Data System (SEDS): 1960-2012. http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-complete.cfm?sid=US
 
[42]Mendenhall, W. and Sincich, T. (2011) A Second Course in Statistics: Regression Analysis. Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River.
 
[43]Daniel, W.W. (2000) Applied Nonparametric Statistics. Cengage Learning, Boston.         eww150210lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

A Comparison of Methods Used to Determine the Oleic/Linoleic Acid Ratio in Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and food crop. It is also a cheap source of protein, a good source of essential vitamins and minerals, and a component of many food products. The fatty acid composition of peanuts has become increasingly important with the realization that oleic acid content significantly affects the development of rancidity. And oil content of peanuts significantly affects flavor and shelf-life. Early generation screening of breeding lines for high oleic acid content greatly increases the efficiency of developing new peanut varieties. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of methods used to classify individual peanut seed as high oleic or not high oleic. Three hundred and seventy-four (374) seeds, spanning twenty-three (23) genotypes varying in oil composition (i.e. high oleic (H) or normal/not high oleic (NH) inclusive of all four peanut market-types (runner, Spanish, Valencia and Virginia), were individually tested ...
发表评论
阅读全文

Location Optimization of a Coal Power Plant to Balance Costs against Plant’s Emission Exposure

Fuel and its delivery cost comprise the biggest expense in coal power plant operations. Delivery of electricity from generation to consumers requires investment in power lines and transmission grids. Placing a coal power plant or multiple power plants near dense population centers can lower transmission costs. If a coalmine is nearby, transportation costs can also be reduced. However, emissions from coal plants play a key role in worsening health crises in many countries. And coal upon combustion produces CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , CO, Metallic and Particle Matter (PM10 & PM2.5). The presence of these chemical compounds in the atmosphere in close vicinity to humans, livestock, and agriculture carries detrimental health consequences. The goal of the research was to develop a methodology to minimize the public’s exposure to harmful emissions from coal power plants while maintaining minimal operational costs related to electric distribution losses and coal logistics. The objective was...
发表评论
阅读全文

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Continuous Use of a Home-Use High-Frequency Facial Treatment Appliance

At present, many home-use beauty devices are available in the market. In particular, many products developed for facial treatment use light, e.g., a flash lamp or a light-emitting diode (LED). In this study, the safety of 4 weeks’ continuous use of NEWA TM , a high-frequency facial treatment appliance, every alternate day at home was verified, and its efficacy was evaluated in Japanese individuals with healthy skin aged 30 years or older who complained of sagging of the facial skin.  Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), melanin levels, erythema levels, sebum secretion levels, skin color changes and wrinkle improvement in the facial skin were measured before the appliance began to be used (study baseline), at 2 and 4 weeks after it had begun to be used, and at 2 weeks after completion of the 4-week treatment period (6 weeks from the study baseline). In addition, data obtained by subjective evaluation by the subjects themselves on a visual analog scale (VAS) were also analyzed. Fur...
发表评论
阅读全文