跳至主要内容

Cancer, Malnutrition and Cachexia: We Must Break the Triad

Read  full  paper  at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53793#.VNMhYizQrz

Many factors can modify nutritional status in cancer patients, including cachexia, nausea and vomiting, decreased caloric intake or oncologic treatments causing malabsorption. The cachexia-anorexia syndrome is a complex metabolic syndrome associated with cancer and some other palliative conditions characterized by involuntary weight loss involving fat and muscle, anorexia, early satiety, fatigue and weakness due to shifts in metabolism caused by tumour by-products and cytokines. Cachexia is a distressing and debilitating condition, affecting significant numbers of patients with advanced disease and is the primary cause of death in about 20% of all patients with cancer. Though cachexia is most commonly associated with particular tumours, such as head and neck, gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, central nervous system and lung, it may affect any patient with any tumour at any site; no patient and no tumour are excluded. Current treatment for principally depends on its prevention rather than reversing the present disease state, and the clinical results are far from being satisfactory. A careful decision based on good clinical judgement is necessary before deciding to start either enteral or parenteral nutrition, to avoid a useless, costly and difficult treatment. Treatment should be directed toward improvement in the quality of life of the patient and should often include nutritional counseling. It should take into consideration both disease and treatment related factors as well as the cachexia syndrome itself.

Cite this paper
Suhag, V. , Sunita, B. , Sarin, A. and Singh, A. (2015) Cancer, Malnutrition and Cachexia: We Must Break the Triad. International Journal of Medical Physics, Clinical Engineering and Radiation Oncology, 4, 64-70. doi: 10.4236/ijmpcero.2015.41009.
 
References
[1]Topkan, E., Yavuz, A.A. and Ozyilkan, O. (2007) Cancer Cachexia: Pathophysiologic Aspects and Treatment Options. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention, 8, 445-451.
 
[2]Santarpia, L., Contaldo, F. and Pasanisi, F. (2011) Nutritional Screening and Early Treatment of Malnutrition in Cancer Patients. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 2, 27-35.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13539-011-0022-x
 
[3]Akbulut, G. (2011) New Perspective for Nutritional Support of Cancer Patients: Enteral/Parenteral Nutrition. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 2, 675-684.
 
[4]Bozzetti, F. (2013) Nutritional Support of the Oncology Patient. Critical Reviews in Oncology & Hematology, 87, 172-200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.03.006
 
[5]Bosaeus, I. (2008) Nutritional Support in Multimodal Therapy for Cancer Cachexia. Supportive Care in Cancer, 16, 447-451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-007-0388-7
 
[6]Bennani-Baiti, N. and Walsh, D. (2009) What Is Cancer Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome? A Historical Perspective. The Journal of the Royal College of Physicians of Edinburgh, 39, 257-262.
 
[7]Yavuzsen, T., Walsh, D., Davis, M.P., Kirkova, J., Jin, T., LeGrand, S., et al. (2009) Components of the Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome: Gastrointestinal Symptom Correlates of Cancer Anorexia. Supportive Care in Cancer, 17, 1531-1541. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-009-0623-5
 
[8]Patra, S.K. and Arora, S. (2012) Integrative Role of Neuropeptides and Cytokines in Cancer Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome. Clinica Chimica Acta, 413, 1025-1034.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cca.2011.12.008
 
[9]Holmes, S. (2011) Nutrition in the Care of Patients with Cancer Cachexia. British Journal of Community Nursing, 16, 314-318. http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2011.16.7.314
 
[10]Paccagnella, A., Morassutti, I. and Rosti, G. (2011) Nutritional Intervention for Improving Treatment Tolerance in Cancer Patients. Current Opinion in Oncology, 23, 322-330.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/CCO.0b013e3283479c66
 
[11]Mondello, P., Mian, M., Aloisi, C., Famà, F., Mondello, S. and Pitini, V. (2014) Syndrome: Pathogenesis, Diagnosis, and New Therapeutic Options. Nutrition and Cancer, 16, 1-15.
 
[12]Penet, M.F., Winnard, P.T., Jacobs, M.A. and Bhujwalla, Z.M. (2011) Understanding Cancer-Induced Cachexia: Imaging the Flame and Its Fuel. Current Opinion in Supportive and Palliative Care, 5, 327-333.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SPC.0b013e32834c49ba
 
[13]Laviano, A., Meguid, M.M., Inui, A., Muscaritoli, M. and Fanelli, R.F. (2005) Therapy Insight: Cancer Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome—When All You Can Eat Is Yourself. Nature Clinical Practice Oncology, 2, 158-165.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncponc0112
 
[14]Campos-Ferraz, P.L., Andrade, I., Neves, W.D., Hangai, I., Rodrigues-Alves, C.R. and Lancha, A.H. (2014) An Overview of Amines as Nutritional Supplements to Counteract. Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle, 5, 105-110.
 
[15]Ockenga, J. and Valentini, L. (2005) Review Article: Anorexia and Cachexia in Gastrointestinal Cancer. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 22, 583-594.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2036.2005.02628.x
 
[16]Barrera, R. (2002) Nutritional Support in Cancer Patients. Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, 26, 63-71.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/014860710202600516
 
[17]Bozzetti, F., Mariani, L., Lo Vullo, S., Amerio, M.L., Biffi, R., Caccialanza, G., et al. (2012) The Nutritional Risk in Oncology: A Study of 1,453 Cancer Outpatients. Supportive Care in Cancer, 20, 1919-1928.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-012-1387-x
 
[18]Bozzetti, F., Arends, J., Lundholm, K., Micklewright, A., Zurcher, G. and Muscaritoli, M. (2009) ESPEN Guidelines on Parenteral Nutrition: Non-Surgical Oncology. Clinical Nutrition, 28, 445-454.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2009.04.011
 
[19]Bozzetti, F. (2011) Nutritional Support in Oncologic Patients: Where We Are and Where We Are Going. Clinical Nutrition, 30, 714-747. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clnu.2011.06.011
 
[20]Penna, F., Minero, V.G., Costamagna, D., Bonelli, G., Baccino, F.M. and Costelli, P. (2010) Anti-Cytokine Strategies for the Treatment of Cancer-Related Anorexia and Cachexia. Expert Opinion on Biological Therapy, 10, 1241-1250.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1517/14712598.2010.503773
 
[21]Mariani, L., Lo Vullo, S. and Bozzetti, F., on behalf of the SCRINIO Working Group (2011) Weight Loss in Cancer Patients: A Plea for a Better Awareness of the Issue. Supportive Care in Cancer, 20, 301-309.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00520-010-1075-7
 
[22]Pascual López, A., Roqué i Figuls, M., Urrútia Cuchi, G., Berenstein, E.G., Almenar Pasies, B., Balcells Alegre, M., et al. (2004) Systematic Review of Megestrol Acetate in the Treatment of Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 27, 360-369. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2003.09.007
 
[23]von Haehling, S. and Anker, S.D. (2014) Treatment of Cachexia: An Overview of Recent Developments. International Journal of Cardiology, 15, 866-872.
 
[24]Ruiz Garcia, V., López-Briz, E., Carbonel, S.R., Gonzalvez-Perales, J.L. and Bort-Marti, S. (2012) Megestrol Acetate for Treatment of Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 3, CD004310.
 
[25]Yennurajalingam, S. and Bruera, E. (2014) Role of Corticosteroids for Fatigue in Advanced Incurable Cancer: Is It a “Wonder Drug” or “Deal with the Devil”. Current Opinion in Supportive & Palliative Care, 8, 346-351.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/SPC.0000000000000093
 
[26]Strasser, F. and Bruera, E.D. (2002) Update on Anorexia and Cachexia. Hematology/Oncology Clinics of North America, 16, 589-617. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0889-8588(02)00011-4
 
[27]Mantovani, G., Madeddu, C. and Macciò, A. (2013) Drugs in Development for Treatment of Patients with Cancer-Related Anorexia and Cachexia Syndrome. Drug Design, Development and Therapy, 7, 645-656.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/DDDT.S39771
 
[28]Balstad, T.R., Kaasa, S. and Solheim, T.S. (2014) Multimodal Nutrition/Anabolic Therapy for Wasting Conditions. Current Opinion in Clinical Nutrition and Metabolic Care, 17, 226-235.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/MCO.0000000000000045
 
[29]Strohle, A., Zanker, K. and Hahn A. (2010) Nutrition in Oncology: The Case of Micronutrients. Oncology Reports, 24, 815-828. http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/or.2010.815
 
[30]Argilés, J.M., Olivan, M., Busquets, S. and López-Soriano, F.J. (2010) Optimal Management of Cancer Anorexia— Cachexia Syndrome. Cancer Management and Research, 2, 27-38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/CMAR.S7101
 
[31]Bruera, E. (2013) Emerging Evidence on Psychosocial Effects of Cancer Cachexia: Commentary on Oberholzer et al. Journal of Pain and Symptom Management, 46, 76.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpainsymman.2013.05.005
 
[32]Bruera, E. and Hui, D. (2013) Palliative Care Research: Lessons Learned by Our Team over the Last 25 Years. Palliative Medicine, 27, 939-951. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269216313477177
 
[33]Muliawati, Y., Haroen, H. and Rotty, L.W. (2012) Cancer Anorexia-Cachexia Syndrome. Acta Medica Indonesiana, 44, 154-162.
 
[34]Acreman, S. (2009) Nutrition in Palliative Care. British Journal of Community Nursing, 14, 427-428, 430-431.
http://dx.doi.org/10.12968/bjcn.2009.14.10.44494                                          eww150205lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

A Comparison of Methods Used to Determine the Oleic/Linoleic Acid Ratio in Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and food crop. It is also a cheap source of protein, a good source of essential vitamins and minerals, and a component of many food products. The fatty acid composition of peanuts has become increasingly important with the realization that oleic acid content significantly affects the development of rancidity. And oil content of peanuts significantly affects flavor and shelf-life. Early generation screening of breeding lines for high oleic acid content greatly increases the efficiency of developing new peanut varieties. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of methods used to classify individual peanut seed as high oleic or not high oleic. Three hundred and seventy-four (374) seeds, spanning twenty-three (23) genotypes varying in oil composition (i.e. high oleic (H) or normal/not high oleic (NH) inclusive of all four peanut market-types (runner, Spanish, Valencia and Virginia), were individually tested ...
发表评论
阅读全文

Location Optimization of a Coal Power Plant to Balance Costs against Plant’s Emission Exposure

Fuel and its delivery cost comprise the biggest expense in coal power plant operations. Delivery of electricity from generation to consumers requires investment in power lines and transmission grids. Placing a coal power plant or multiple power plants near dense population centers can lower transmission costs. If a coalmine is nearby, transportation costs can also be reduced. However, emissions from coal plants play a key role in worsening health crises in many countries. And coal upon combustion produces CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , CO, Metallic and Particle Matter (PM10 & PM2.5). The presence of these chemical compounds in the atmosphere in close vicinity to humans, livestock, and agriculture carries detrimental health consequences. The goal of the research was to develop a methodology to minimize the public’s exposure to harmful emissions from coal power plants while maintaining minimal operational costs related to electric distribution losses and coal logistics. The objective was...
发表评论
阅读全文

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Continuous Use of a Home-Use High-Frequency Facial Treatment Appliance

At present, many home-use beauty devices are available in the market. In particular, many products developed for facial treatment use light, e.g., a flash lamp or a light-emitting diode (LED). In this study, the safety of 4 weeks’ continuous use of NEWA TM , a high-frequency facial treatment appliance, every alternate day at home was verified, and its efficacy was evaluated in Japanese individuals with healthy skin aged 30 years or older who complained of sagging of the facial skin.  Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), melanin levels, erythema levels, sebum secretion levels, skin color changes and wrinkle improvement in the facial skin were measured before the appliance began to be used (study baseline), at 2 and 4 weeks after it had begun to be used, and at 2 weeks after completion of the 4-week treatment period (6 weeks from the study baseline). In addition, data obtained by subjective evaluation by the subjects themselves on a visual analog scale (VAS) were also analyzed. Fur...
发表评论
阅读全文