跳至主要内容

Can Non-Polio Enteroviruses Be Tamed with a Vaccine to Minimize Paralysis Caused by Them?

Read  full  paper  at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53757#.VNHOgyzQrzE

Author(s)   

ABSTRACT
Background: While we are inching towards global eradication of polio, the paralysis due to non-polio viruses (NPEV) poses greater challenge. Factors responsible for causing Acute Flaccid Paralysis (AFP) were studied in 3596 AFP patients in 64 districts of Uttar-Pradesh, India, to observe indirect relationship of AFP with wild polio as well as NPEV. A recent study suggests the need to investigate polio virus negative but NPEV positive AFP cases. Methods: The lab results of the stool samples of these children were line listed and analysed to observe the association of various factors with respect to presence of paralysis on 60 follow-up days. Taking zero OPV dose AFP cases as a biological base, we studied the relationship of presence of paralysis at 60 follow-up days to that of presence of NPEV in stool samples while polio virus was present or absent. Results: 70 of the 86 AFP cases (81%) with zero OPV dose and having only NPEV isolated in stool samples were having paralysis at 60 follow-up days. There were 4.54% (162) AFP cases, which did not carry any polio virus but were having NPEV isolated in the stool samples and paralysis at 60 follow-up days. 79% (75/95) of zero OPV dose children, who were having residual weakness at 60 follow-up days, were carrying both polio virus as well as NPEV in their stool samples. Total AFP cases, having residual weakness at 60 follow-up days and having NPEV in stool samples, decreased with increase in OPV doses; a behavior similar to what wild polio viruses (WPV) have to OPV. Conclusions: Maybe polio like NPEV is active for causing severe paralysis in children and is responding to the OPV. As is evident in the studies by M. Margalith, B. Fattal et al. [1] that there is an antibody response to the enteroviruses, we can think of coming out with a vaccine against the enteroviruses. Therefore, enterovirus vaccine can be produced on similar lines to that of OPV, as now we have enough isolates of NPEV. Effective NPEV surveillance system also needs to be in place.
 
Cite this paper
Bharti, O. (2015) Can Non-Polio Enteroviruses Be Tamed with a Vaccine to Minimize Paralysis Caused by Them?. World Journal of Vaccines, 5, 54-59. doi: 10.4236/wjv.2015.51007.
 
References
[1]Margalith, M., Fattal, B., Shuval, H.I., Morag, A., et al. (1986) Prevalence of Antibodies to Enteroviruses and Varicella-Zoster Virus among Residents and Overseas Volunteers at Agricultural Settlements in Israel. Journal of Medical Virology, 20, 189-197.
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/jmv.1890200211/abstract
 
[2]Ayukekbong, J.A. and Bergström, T. (2014) Polio Will Go, Acute Flaccid Paralysis Will Stay. Vol. 383, 2209.
www.thelancet.com
http://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736%2814%2961080-1.pdf
 
[3]Laxmivandana, R., Yergolkar, P., Gopalkrishna, V. and Chitambar, S.D. (2013) Characterization of the Non-Polio Enterovirus Infections Associated with Acute Flaccid Paralysis in South-Western India. PLoS ONE, 8, e61650.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0061650
 
[4]Grassly, N.C., Fraser, C., Wenger, J., Deshpande, J.M., Sutter, R.W., Heymann, D.L. and Aylward, R.B. (2006) New Strategies for the Elimination of Polio from India. Science, 314, 1150-1153.
http://www.imedicinas.com/pfw_files/cma/gdo_upload/m503/PolioOral.pdf
 
[5]Patriarca, P.A., Wright, P.F. and John, T.J. (1991) Factors Affecting the Immunogenicity of Oral Poliovirus Vaccine in Developing Countries: Review. Reviews of Infectious Disease, 13, 926-939.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1660184
 
[6]Deshpande, J.M., Kamat, J.R., Rao, V.K., Nadkarni, S.S., Kher, A.S., Salgaokar, S.D. and Rodrigues, J.J. (1995) Prevalence of Antibodies to Polioviruses & Enteroviruses Excreted by Healthy Children in Bombay. Indian Journal of Medical Research, 101, 50-54.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7729847
 
[7]Dhole, T.N., Ayyagari, A., et al. (2009) Non-Polio Enteroviruses in Acute Flaccid Paralysis Children of India: Vital Assessment before Polio Eradication. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health, 45, 409-413.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1754.2009.01529.x
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3632520/
 
[8]Melnick, J.L. (1997) Poliovirus and Other Enteroviruses. In: Evans A.S. and Kaslow, E.A., Eds., Viral Infection of Humans, Epidemiology and Control, Fourth Edition, Plenum Medical Book Company, New York and London, 583- 648.
http://www.amazon.com/Viral-Infections-Humans-Epidemiology-Control/dp/0306448564
 
[9]MedicineNet.com: http://www.medicinenet.com/script/main/hp.asp
 
[10]Mat-Rahim, N.-A. and AbuBakar, S. (2014) Human Enterovirus 71 DNA Vaccine Constructs Containing 5’UTR with Complete Internal Ribosome Entry Site Sequence Stimulated Improved Anti-Human Enterovirus 71 Neutralizing Immune Responses. World Journal of Vaccines, 4, 33-43.
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?paperID=43089
 
[11]Saeed, M., Zaidi, S., Naeem, A., Masroor, M., Sharif, S., Shaukat, S., Angez, M. and Khan, A. (2007) Epidemiology and Clinical Findings Associated with Enteroviral Acute Flaccid Paralysis in Pakistan. BMC Infectious Diseases, 7, 6.
http://www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2334/7/6
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-7-6                                                                      eww150204lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

A Comparison of Methods Used to Determine the Oleic/Linoleic Acid Ratio in Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and food crop. It is also a cheap source of protein, a good source of essential vitamins and minerals, and a component of many food products. The fatty acid composition of peanuts has become increasingly important with the realization that oleic acid content significantly affects the development of rancidity. And oil content of peanuts significantly affects flavor and shelf-life. Early generation screening of breeding lines for high oleic acid content greatly increases the efficiency of developing new peanut varieties. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of methods used to classify individual peanut seed as high oleic or not high oleic. Three hundred and seventy-four (374) seeds, spanning twenty-three (23) genotypes varying in oil composition (i.e. high oleic (H) or normal/not high oleic (NH) inclusive of all four peanut market-types (runner, Spanish, Valencia and Virginia), were individually tested ...
发表评论
阅读全文

Location Optimization of a Coal Power Plant to Balance Costs against Plant’s Emission Exposure

Fuel and its delivery cost comprise the biggest expense in coal power plant operations. Delivery of electricity from generation to consumers requires investment in power lines and transmission grids. Placing a coal power plant or multiple power plants near dense population centers can lower transmission costs. If a coalmine is nearby, transportation costs can also be reduced. However, emissions from coal plants play a key role in worsening health crises in many countries. And coal upon combustion produces CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , CO, Metallic and Particle Matter (PM10 & PM2.5). The presence of these chemical compounds in the atmosphere in close vicinity to humans, livestock, and agriculture carries detrimental health consequences. The goal of the research was to develop a methodology to minimize the public’s exposure to harmful emissions from coal power plants while maintaining minimal operational costs related to electric distribution losses and coal logistics. The objective was...
发表评论
阅读全文

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Continuous Use of a Home-Use High-Frequency Facial Treatment Appliance

At present, many home-use beauty devices are available in the market. In particular, many products developed for facial treatment use light, e.g., a flash lamp or a light-emitting diode (LED). In this study, the safety of 4 weeks’ continuous use of NEWA TM , a high-frequency facial treatment appliance, every alternate day at home was verified, and its efficacy was evaluated in Japanese individuals with healthy skin aged 30 years or older who complained of sagging of the facial skin.  Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), melanin levels, erythema levels, sebum secretion levels, skin color changes and wrinkle improvement in the facial skin were measured before the appliance began to be used (study baseline), at 2 and 4 weeks after it had begun to be used, and at 2 weeks after completion of the 4-week treatment period (6 weeks from the study baseline). In addition, data obtained by subjective evaluation by the subjects themselves on a visual analog scale (VAS) were also analyzed. Fur...
发表评论
阅读全文