Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53072#.VLSWf8nQrzE
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53072#.VLSWf8nQrzE
ABSTRACT
The
cancer incidence has risen dramatically over the last decades. About 8
million people died globally according to latest reports, which
represented almost 40% more than it was 20 years ago. Risk factors for
the development of cancer have been found to include smoking, alcohol,
drugs, obesity and diet. Fiber intake has shown to exhibit
chemoprotective effects on cancer proliferation and metastasis that may
seem to be very promising. This article will review the role of
different types of fiber such as, cellulose, lignin, pectin and inulin
in development and prevention of different types of cancers. This
article would also discuss the effectiveness of both types of fiber in
cancer prevention.
Cite this paper
References
Papandreou,
D. , Noor, Z. and Rashed, M. (2015) The Role of Soluble, Insoluble
Fibers and Their Bioactive Compounds in Cancer: A Mini Review. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6, 1-11. doi: 10.4236/fns.2015.61001.
[1] | Lozano,
R., Naghavi, M., Foreman, K., Lim, S., Shibuya, K., Aboyans, V., et al.
(2012) Global and Regional Mortality from 235 Causes of Death for 20
Age Groups in 1990 and 2010: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden
of Disease Study 2010. Lancet, 380, 2095-2128. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61728-0 |
[2] | Jemal,
A., Bray, F., Center, M.M., Ferlay, J., Ward, E. and Forman, D. (2011)
Global Cancer Statistics. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 61,
69-90. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.20107 |
[3] | Siegel, R., Ma, J., Zou, Z. and Jemal, A. (2014) Cancer Statistics, 2014. CA: A Cancer Journal for Clinicians, 64, 9-29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3322/caac.21208 |
[4] | Orang-Ojong, B.B., Munyangaju, J.E., Wei, M.S., Lin, M., Wei, F.G., Foukuang, C. and Zhu, Y. (2013) Impact of Natural Resources and Research on Cancer Treatment and Prevention: A Perspective from Cameroon. Molecular and Clinical Oncology, 1, 610-620. |
[5] | Zaridze,
D., Lifanova, Y., Maximovitch, D., Day, N.E. and Duffy, S.W. (1991)
Diet, Alcohol Consumption and Reproductive Factors in a Case-Control
Study of Breast Cancer in Moscow. International Journal of Cancer, 48,
493-501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910480404 |
[6] | Sandoval,
J. and Esteller, M. (2012) Cancer Epigenomics: Beyond Genomics. Current
Opinion in Genetics and Development, 22, 50-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.gde.2012.02.008 |
[7] | Nystrom, M. and Mutanen, M. (2009) Diet and Epigenetics in Colon Cancer. World Journal of Gastroenterology, 15, 257-263. http://dx.doi.org/10.3748/wjg.15.257 |
[8] | Bannister, A.J. and Kouzarides, T. (2011) Regulation of Chromatin by Histone Modifications. Cell Research, 21, 381395. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/cr.2011.22 |
[9] | Murrell,
A., Hurd, P.J. and Wood, I.C. (2013) Epigenetic Mechanism in
Development and Disease. Biochemical Society Transactions, 41, 697-699. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/BST20130051 |
[10] | Buas,
M.F. and Vaughan, T.L. (2013) Epidemiology and Risk Factors for
Gastroesophageal Junction Tumors: Understanding the Rising Incidence of
This Disease. Seminars in Radiation Oncology, 23, 3-9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.semradonc.2012.09.008 |
[11] | Geier,
M.S., Butler, R.N. and Howarth, G.S. (2006) Probiotics, Prebiotics and
Synbiotics: A Role in Chemoprevention for Colorectal Cancer? Cancer
Biology and Therapy, 5, 1265-1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.4161/cbt.5.10.3296 |
[12] | Hutter,
C.M., Chang-Claude, J., Slattery, M., Pflugeisen, B.M., Lin, Y., Dugan,
D., et al. (2012) Characterization of Gene-Environment Interactions for
Colorectal Cancer Susceptibility Loci. Cancer Research, 72, 2036-2044. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-4067 |
[13] | Figueiredo, J.C., Hsu, L., Hutter, C.M., Lin, Y., Campbell, P.T., Baron, J.A., et al. (2014) Genome-Wide Diet-Gene Interaction Analyses for Risk of Colorectal Cancer. PLoS Genetics, 10, e1004228. |
[14] | Park,
J.H., Wacholder, S., Gail, M.H., Peters, U., Jacobs, K.B., Chanock,
S.J. and Chatterjee, N. (2010) Estimation of Effect Size Distribution
from Genome-Wide Association Studies and Implications for Future
Discoveries. Nature Genetics, 42, 570-575. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng.610 |
[15] | Subramaniam,
D., Thombre, R., Dhar, A. and Anant, S. (2014) DNA Methyltransferases: A
Novel Target for Prevention and Therapy. Frontiers in Oncology, 4, 80. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fonc.2014.00080 |
[16] | Alexander,
D.D. and Cushing, C.A. (2011) Red Meat and Colorectal Cancer: A
Critical Summary of Prospective Epidemiologic Studies. Obesity Reviews,
12, e472-e493. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2010.00785.x |
[17] | Figueiredo,
J.C., Lewinger, J.P., Song, C., Campbell, P.T., Conti, D.V., Edlund,
C.K., et al. (2011) Genotype-Environment Interactions in Microsatellite
Stable/Microsatellite Instability-Low Colorectal Cancer: Results from a
Genome-Wide Association Study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and
Prevention, 20, 758-766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-10-0675 |
[18] | Koushik,
A., Hunter, D.J., Spiegelman, D., Beeson, W.L., van dan Brandt, P.A.,
Buring, J.E., et al. (2007) Fruits, Vegetables, and Colon Risk in a
Pooled Analysis of 14 Cohort Study. Journal of the National Cancer
Institute, 99, 14711483. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/djm155 |
[19] | National Research Council (2005) Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients). The National Academies Press, Washington DC. |
[20] | Slavin, J.L. (1987) Dietary Fiber: Classification, Chemical Analyses, and Food Sources. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 87, 1164-1171. |
[21] | Burkitt,
D.P. and Trowell, H.C. (1976) Refined Carbohydrate Foods and
Disease—Some Implications of Dietary Fibre. Postgraduate Medical
Journal, 52, 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/pgmj.52.609.476-c |
[22] | Bravi,
F., Scotti, L., Bosetti, C., Bertuccio, P., Negri, E. and La Vecchia,
C. (2009) Dietary Fiber and Stomach Cancer Risk: A Case-Control Study
from Italy. Cancer Causes and Control, 20, 847-853. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10552-009-9309-z |
[23] | Galeone,
C., Pelucchi, C., Talamini, R., Negri, E., Montella, M., Ramazzotti,
V., et al. (2007) Fibre Intake and Renal Cell Carcinoma: A Case-Control
Study from Italy. International Journal of Cancer, 121, 1869-1872. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.22913 |
[24] | Li, H.Q., Diao, Y.T., Li, H., Zhou, Y.Z., Yang, Y.F., Fang, X.Q., Wang, Y., Wu, K., Zhao, D.L., Zhou, R.X. and Lei, F.H. (2007) The Risk Factors Related to Esophageal Squamous Cell Cancer in Feicheng County, China. Chinese Journal of Preventive Medicine, 41, 56-61. |
[25] | Pelucchi,
C., Talamini, R., Galeone, C., Negri, E., Franceschi, S., Dal Maso, L.,
et al. (2004) Fibre Intake and Prostate Cancer Risk. International
Journal of Cancer, 109, 278-280. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.11688 |
[26] | Pelucchi,
C., Talamini, R., Levi, F., Bosetti, C., La Vecchia, C., Negri, E.,
Parpinel, M. and Franceschi, S. (2003) Fibre Intake and Laryngeal Cancer
Risk. Annals of Oncology, 14, 162-167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/annonc/mdg032 |
[27] | Soler,
M., Bosetti, C., Franceschi, S., Negri, E., Zambon, P., Talamini, R.,
Conti, E. and La Vecchia, C. (2001) Fiber Intake and the Risk of Oral,
Pharyngeal and Esophageal Cancer. International Journal of Cancer, 91,
283-287. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1097-0215(200002)9999:9999<::AID-IJC1047>3.0.CO;2-I |
[28] | Otles, S. and Ozgoz, S. (2014) Health Effects of Dietary Fiber. Acta Scientiarum Polonorum. Technologia Alimentaria, 13, 191-202. |
[29] | Papas, M.A., Giovannucci, E. and Platz, E.A. (2004) Fiber from Fruit and Colorectal Neoplasia. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 13, 1267-1270. |
[30] | Vanamala,
J., Glagolenko, A., Yang, P., Carroll, R.J., Murphy, M.E., Newman,
R.A., et al. (2008) Dietary Fish Oil and Pectin Enhance Colonocyte
Apoptosis in Part through Suppression of PPARδ/PGE2 and Elevation of
PGE3. Carcinogenesis, 29, 790-796. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/carcin/bgm256 |
[31] | Spurling,
C.C., Suhl, J.A., Boucher, N., Nelson, C.E., Rosenberg, D.W. and
Giardina, C. (2008) The Short Chain Fatty Acid Butyrate Induces Promoter
Demethylation and Reactivation of RARβ2 in Colon Cancer Cells.
Nutrition and Cancer, 60, 692-702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635580802008278 |
[32] | Bidoli,
E., Pelucchi, C., Polesel, J., Negri, E., Barzan, L., Franchin, G.,
Franceschi, S., Serraino, D., De Paoli, P., La Vecchia, C. and Talamini,
R. (2013) Fiber Intake and Risk of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma: A
Case-Control Study. Nutrition and Cancer, 65, 1157-1163. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635581.2013.828088 |
[33] | Daniel,
C.R., Park, Y., Chow, W.H., Graubard, B.I., Hollenbeck, A.R. and Sinha,
R. (2013) Intake of Fiber and FiberRich Plant Foods Is Associated with a
Lower Risk of Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Large US Cohort. The American
Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 97, 1036-1043. http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.112.045351 |
[34] | Goodman,
M.T., Wilkens, L.R., Hankin, J.H., Lyu, L.C., Wu, A.H. and Kolonel,
L.N. (1997) Association of Soy and Fiber Consumption with the Risk of
Endometrial Cancer. American Journal of Epidemiology, 146, 294-306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.aje.a009270 |
[35] | Jacobs,
L.R. (1986) Relationship between Dietary Fiber and Cancer: Metabolic,
Physiologic, and Cellular Mechanisms. Experimental Biology and Medicine,
183, 299-310. http://dx.doi.org/10.3181/00379727-183-42423 |
[36] | Jacobs, L.R. (1986) Modification of Experimental Colon Carcinogenesis by Dietary Fibers. Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, 206, 105-118. |
[37] | Madar, Z., Gurevich, P., Ben-Hur, H., Ben-Arie, A., Berman, V., Sandler, B., et al. (1998) Effects of Dietary Fiber on the Rat Intestinal Mucosa Exposed to Low Doses of a Carcinogen. Anticancer Research, 18, 3521-3526. |
[38] | Goncalves,
P. and Martel, F. (2013) Butyrate and Colorectal Cancer: The Role of
Butyrate Transport. Current Drug Metabolism, 14, 994-1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1389200211314090006 |
[39] | Kritchevsky, D. (1997) Dietary Fibre and Cancer. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 6, 435-441. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00008469-199710000-00004 |
[40] | Cappellani,
A., Zanghi, A., Di Vita, M., Cavallaro, A., Piccolo, G., Veroux, P., et
al. (2013) Strong Correlation between Diet and Development of
Colorectal Cancer. Frontiers in Bioscience, 18, 190-198. http://dx.doi.org/10.2741/4095 |
[41] | Ferguson,
L.R., Roberton, A.M., Watson, M.E., Kestell, P. and Harris, P.J. (1993)
The Adsorption of a Range of Dietary Carcinogens by α-Cellulose, a
Model Insoluble Dietary Fiber. Mutation Research, 319, 257-266. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-1218(93)90013-4 |
[42] | Kaczmarczyk,
M.M., Miller, M.J. and Freund, G.G. (2012) The Health Benefits of
Dietary Fiber: Beyond the Usual Suspects of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus,
Cardiovascular Disease and Colon Cancer. Metabolism-Clinical and
Experimental, 61, 1058-1066. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2012.01.017 |
[43] | Fiorucci, S., Cipriani, S., Mencarelli, A., Renga, B., Distrutti, E. and Baldelli, F. (2010) Counter-Regulatory Role of Bile Acid Activated Receptors in Immunity and Inflammation. Current Molecular Medicine, 10, 579-595. |
[44] | Floch,
M.H., Wolfman, M. and Doyle, R. (1980) Fiber and Gastrointestinal
Microecology. Journal of Clinical Gastroenterology, 2, 175-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004836-198006000-00014 |
[45] | Kay, R.M. (1982) Dietary Fiber. Journal of Lipid Research, 23, 221-242. |
[46] | Cheah,
P.Y. and Bernstein, H. (1990) Colon Cancer and Dietary Fiber: Cellulose
Inhibits the DNA-Damaging Ability of Bile Acids. Nutrition and Cancer,
13, 51-57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635589009514044 |
[47] | Ajouz,
H., Mukherji, D. and Shamseddine, A. (2014) Secondary Bile Acids: An
Underrecognized Cause of Colon Cancer. World Journal of Surgical
Oncology, 12, 164. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1477-7819-12-164 |
[48] | Hofmann, A.F. and Rods, A.A. (1984) Physicochemical Properties of Bile Acids and Their Relationship to Biological Properties: An Overview of the Problem. Journal of Lipid Research, 25, 1477-1489. |
[49] | Degirolamo,
C., Modica, S., Palasciano, G. and Moschetta, A. (2011) Bile Acids and
Colon Cancer: Solving the Puzzle with Nuclear Receptors. Trends in
Molecular Medicine, 17, 564-572. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molmed.2011.05.010 |
[50] | Sloan,
D.A., Fleiszer, D.M., Richards, G.K., Murray, D. and Brown, R.A. (1993)
The Effect of the Fiber Components Cellulose and Lignin on Experimental
Colon Neoplasia. Journal of Surgical Oncology, 52, 77-82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jso.2930520204 |
[51] | Pelucchi,
C., La Vecchia, C., Chatenoud, L., Negri, E., Conti, E., Montella, M.,
Calza, S., Dal Maso, L. and Franceschi, S. (2001) Dietary Fibres and
Ovarian Cancer Risk. European Journal of Cancer, 37, 2235-2239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0959-8049(01)00291-X |
[52] | La
Vecchia, C., Ferraroni, M., Franceschi, S., Mezzetti, M., Decarli, A.
and Negri, E. (1997) Fibers and Breast Cancer Risk. Nutrition and
Cancer, 28, 264-269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635589709514586 |
[53] | Lee,
S., Monnappa, A.K. and Mitchell, R.J. (2012) Biological Activities of
Lignin Hydrolysate-Related Compounds. BMB Reports, 45, 265-274. http://dx.doi.org/10.5483/BMBRep.2012.45.5.265 |
[54] | Lu, F.J., Chu, L.H. and Gau, R.J. (1998) Free Radical-Scavenging Properties of Lignin. Nutrition and Cancer, 30, 3138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01635589809514637 |
[55] | Ferguson,
L.R. and Harris, P.J. (1996) Studies on the Role of Specific Dietary
Fibres in Protection against Colorectal Cancer. Mutation Research, 350,
173-184. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0027-5107(95)00105-0 |
[56] | Freeman, H.J. (1979) Dietary Fibre and Colonic Neoplasia. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 121, 291-296. |
[57] | McPherson-Kay,
R. (1987) Fiber, Stool Bulk, and Bile Acid Output: Implications for
Colon Cancer Risk. Preventive Medicine, 16, 540-544. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0091-7435(87)90069-7 |
[58] | Adlercreutz,
H. (1990) Western Diet and Western Diseases: Some Hormonal and
Biochemical Mechanisms and Associations. Scandinavian Journal of
Clinical and Laboratory Investigation. Supplementum, 50, 3-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00365519009085798 |
[59] | Reddy, B.S., Maeura, Y. and Wayman, M. (1983) Effect of Dietary Corn Bran and Autohydrolyzed Lignin on 3,2’Dimethyl-4-Aminobiphenyl-Induced Intestinal Carcinogenesis in Male F344 Rats. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 71, 419-423. |
[60] | Adlercreutz, H., Honjo, H., Higashi, A., Fotsis, T., Hamalainen, E., Hasegawa, T. and Okada, H. (1991) Urinary Excretion of Lignans and Isoflavonoid Phytoestrogens in Japanese Men and Women Consuming a Traditional Japanese Diet. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 54, 1093-1100. |
[61] | Buck,
K., Zaineddin, A.K., Vrieling, A., Heinz, J., Linseisen, J.,
Flesch-Janys, D. and Chang-Claude, J. (2011) Estimated Enterolignans,
Lignan-Rich Foods, and Fibre in Relation to Survival after
Postmenopausal Breast Cancer. British Journal of Cancer, 105, 1151-1157.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/bjc.2011.374 |
[62] | Saarinen,
N.M., Warri, A., Airio, M., Smeds, A. and Makela, S. (2007) Role of
Dietary Lignans in the Reduction of Breast Cancer Risk. Molecular
Nutrition and Food Research, 51, 857-866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.200600240 |
[63] | Adlercreutz,
H., Mousavi, Y., Clark, J., Hockerstedt, K., Hamalainen, E., Wahala,
K., Makela, T. and Hase, T. (1992) Dietary Phytoestrogens and Cancer: In
Vitro and in Vivo Studies. The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and
Molecular Biology, 41, 331-337. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0960-0760(92)90359-Q |
[64] | Horn-Ross, P.L., Hoggatt, K.J. and Lee, M.M. (2002) Phytoestrogens and Thyroid Cancer Risk: The San Francisco Bay Area Thyroid Cancer Study. Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers and Prevention, 11, 43-49. |
[65] | Leclere,
L., Custem, P.V. and Michiels, C. (2013) Anti-Cancer Activities of pHor
Heat-Modified Pectin. Frontiers in Pharmacology, 4, 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2013.00128 |
[66] | Barry,
K.A., Wojcicki, B.J., Middelbos, I.S., Vester, B.M., Swanson, K.S. and
Fahey Jr., G.C. (2010) Dietary Cellulose, Fructooligosaccharides, and
Pectin Modify Fecal Protein Catabolites and Microbial Populations in
Adult Cats. Journal of Animal Science, 88, 2978-2987. http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2009-2464 |
[67] | Attari, F., Sephehri, H., Delphi, L. and Golliaei, B. (2009) Apoptotic and Necrotic Effects of Pectic Acid on Rat Pituitary GH3/B6 Tumor Cells. Iranian Biomedical Journal, 13, 229-236. |
[68] | Cho,
Y., Turner, N.D., Davidson, L.A., Chapkin, R.S., Carroll, R.J. and
Lupton, J.R. (2012) A Chemoprotective Fish Oil/Pectin Diet Enhances
Apoptosis via Bcl-2 Promoter Methylation in Rat Azoxymethane-Induced
Carcinomas. Experimental Biology and Medicine (Maywood, N.J.), 237,
1387-1393. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/ebm.2012.012244 |
[69] | Hao,
M., Yuan, X., Cheng, H., Xue, H., Zhang, T., Zhou, Y. and Tai, G.
(2013) Comparative Studies on the Anti Tumor Activities of High
Temperatureand pH-Modified Citrus Pectins. Food and Function, 4,
960-971. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3fo30350k |
[70] | Liu,
Y., Colditz, G.A., Cotterchio, M., Boucher, B.A. and Kreiger, N. (2014)
Adolescent Dietary Fiber, Vegetable Fat, Vegetable Protein, and Nut
Intakes and Breast Cancer Risk. Breast Cancer Research and Treatment,
145, 461-470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10549-014-2953-3 |
[71] | Hsu, D.K., Chen, H.Y. and Liu, F.T. (2009) Galectin-3 Regulates T-Cell Functions. Immunological Reviews, 230, 114127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-065X.2009.00798.x |
[72] | Nagina-Makker,
P., Hogan, V., Honjo, Y., Baccarini, S., Tait, L., Bresalier, R. and
Raz, A. (2002) Inhibition of Human Cancer Cell Growth and Metastasis in
Nude Mice by Oral Intake of Modified Citrus Pectin. Journal of the
National Cancer Institute, 94, 1854-1862. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/94.24.1854 |
[73] | Zeng, H. and Briske-Anderson, M. (2005) Prolonged Butyrate Treatment Inhibits the Migration and Invasion Potential of HT1080 Tumor Cells. Journal of Nutrition, 135, 291-295. |
[74] | Elangovan,
S., Pathania, R., Ramchandran, S., Ananth, S., Padia, R.N., Lan, L., et
al. (2014) The Niacin/Butyrate Receptor GPR109A Suppresses Mammary
Tumorigenesis by Inhibiting Cell Survival. Cancer Research, 74,
1166-1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-13-1451 |
[75] | Inohara,
H. and Raz, A. (1994) Effects of Natural Complex Carbohydrate (Citrus
Pectin) on Murine Melanoma Cell Properties Related to Galectin-3
Functions. Glycoconjugate Journal, 11, 527-532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00731303 |
[76] | Platt,
D. and Raz, A. (1992) Modulation of the Lung Colonization of B16-F1
Melanoma Cells by Citrus Pectin. Journal of the National Cancer
Institute, 84, 438-442. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jnci/84.6.438 |
[77] | Hague,
A., Elder, D.J., Hicks, D.J. and Paraskeva, C. (1995) Apoptosis in
Colorectal Tumour Cells: Induction by the Short Chain Fatty Acids
Butyrate, Propionate and Acetate and by the Bile Salt Deoxycholate.
International Journal of Cancer, 60, 400-406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910600322 |
[78] | Xiao, M., Liu, Y.G., Zou, M.C. and Zou, F. (2014) Sodium Butyrate Induces Apoptosis of Human Colon Cancer Cells by Modulating ERK and Sphingosine Kinase 2. Biomedical and Environmental Sciences, 27, 197-203. |
[79] | Hague,
A., Manning, A.M., Hanlon, K.A., Huschtscha, L.I., Hart, D. and
Paraskeva, C. (1993) Sodium Butyrate Induces Apoptosis in Human Colonic
Tumour Cell Lines in a p53-Independent Pathway: Implications for the
Possible Role of Dietary Fibre in the Prevention of Large-Bowel Cancer.
International Journal of Cancer, 55, 498-505. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ijc.2910550329 |
[80] | Roberfroid, M.B. (2005) Introducing Inulin-Type Fructans. British Journal of Nutrition, 93, S13-S25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/BJN20041350 |
[81] | Pasqualetti,
V., Altomare, A., Guarino, M.P., Locato, V., Cocca, S., Cimini, S.,
Palma, R., Alloni, R., De Gara, L. and Cicala, M. (2014) Antioxidant
Activity of Inulin and Its Role in the Prevention of Human Colonic
Muscle Cell Impairment Induced by Lipopolysaccharide Mucosal Exposure.
PLoS ONE, 9, e98031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0098031 |
[82] | Burns, A.J. and Rowland, I.R. (2000) Anti-Carcinogenicity of Probiotics and Prebiotics. Current Issues in Intestinal Microbiology, 1, 13-24. |
[83] | Taper, H.S. and Roberfroid, M.B. (2000) Inhibitory Effect of Dietary Inulin or Oligofructose on the Development of Cancer Metastases. Anticancer Research, 20, 4291-4294. eww150113lx |
评论
发表评论