Sindhi Civil Society: Its Praxis in Rural Sindh, and Place in Pakistani Civil Society

Read  full  paper  at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48898#.VK9MdsnQrzE

Author(s)  
Ghulam Hussain, Anwaar Mohyuddin, Shuja Ahmed

Affiliation(s)
Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Department of Anthropology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan.
Pakistan Study Centre, University of Sindh, Jamshoro, Pakistan.

ABSTRACT
Sindhi Civil Society and NGOs working in rural Sindh have a dialectical relationship with each other and with rural communities, particularly peasants and marginalized rural ethnic groups. In this article, the nature and structure of Sindhi civil society vis-à-vis their efforts to differentiate themselves from Pakistani civil society and ethnically hegemonic NGO-structuring, resultant perceived marginalization of Sindhi civil society and NGOs working in rural Sindh, have been classified, explained and analyzed in the light of secondary and primary data. Effort has been made to locate historical intersection points between the spawning of NGOs and the origin of modern Civil Society networks, and relate it to Sindhi civil society in global perspective. This paper is the result of the analysis of secondary data validated through an ethnographic study conducted in Naon Dumbaalo and Chamber area of District Badin, and urban area of Qasimabad at Hyderabad District in Lower Sindh.

KEYWORDS
Sindhi Civil Society, NGOs, Development, Ethnic Marginalization

Cite this paper
Hussain, G. , Mohyuddin, A. & Ahmed, S. (2014). Sindhi Civil Society: Its Praxis in Rural Sindh, and Place in Pakistani Civil Society. Advances in Anthropology, 4, 149-163. doi: 10.4236/aa.2014.43019.

References

[1]	Ahmed, I. (2013). Irfan Ahmed. Aljazeera. http://www.aljazeera.com/indepth/features/2013/12/pakistani-ngos-fear- new-constraints-20131231991895761.html
[2]	Ahmed, N. (2009). Role of NGOs in Pakistan. http://theroleofngosinpakistan.blogspot.com/
[3]	Anonymous (2013). Role of NGOs and Civil Society in Peasant Activism.
[4]	Aristotle (1252). Politics (Vol. Bk 1 passim).
[5]	Bagci, C. (2003). Historical Evolution of NGOs: NGO Proliferation in the Post-Cold War Era. Avrupa Gunlugu, 299-326.
[6]	Bhandar, H. S., & Oxfam, G. B. (2012). People’s Declaration of Agrarian Reforms. Pamphlet. Hyderabad: Bhandar Hari Sangat.
[7]	Bourdieu, P. (2003). Outline of a Theory of Practice. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[8]	Burawoy, M. (1996). From Capitalism to Capitalism via Socialism. ILWCH (Fall), 77-99.
[9]	Chandio, J. (2013). Jaaizo (Talk Show on Sindh TV). Sindh TV. Karachi.
[10]	Cohen, J. L. (1994). Civil Society and Political Theory. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.
[11]	Dahlberg, L. (2005). The Habermasian Public Sphere: A Specification of the Idealized Conditions of Democratic Communication. Studies in Social and Political Thought, 1-18.
[12]	Desai, A. R. (1979a). The “Two-Sages” Theory of Revolution in the Third World: Need for Its Evaluation. In A. R. Desai, & A. R. Desai (Ed.), Peasant Struggles in India. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
[13]	Desai, A. R. (1979b). Unconventional Anthropology of “Traditional” Peasantry. In A. R. Desai, & A. R. Desai (Ed.), Peasant Struggles in India. Bombay: Oxford University Press.
[14]	Eagleton, T. (2011). Why Marx Was Right. London: Yale University Press. http://ashoub.persiangig.com/books/TerryEagleton-WhyMarxWasRight.pdf/download
[15]	Escobar, A. (1995). Encountering Development: The Making and Unmaking of Third World. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
[16]	Escobar, A. (1997). Antrhropology and Development. In UNESCO. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
[17]	Escobar, A. (2012). Alternatives to Development: An Interview with Arturo Escobar. Venice.
[18]	Gudynas, E. (2011). Buen Vivir: Today’s Tomorrow. Development, 54, 441-447. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/dev.2011.86
[19]	Gudynas, E. (2013). Debates on Development and Its Alternatives in Latin America: A Brief Heterodox Guide. In M. D. Mokrani (Ed.), Beyond Development: Alternative Visions from Latin America. Quito-Ecuador: Transnational Institute/ Rosa Luxemburg Foundation.
[20]	Habermas, J. (1984). Reason and the Rationalization of Society (Vol. 1). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
[21]	Habermas, J. (1987). Lifeworld and System: A Critique of Functionalist Reason (Vol. 2). Boston, MA: Beacon Press.
[22]	International Finance Corporation (2011). International Financial Institutions and Development through Private Sector. A Joint Report of 31 Multilateral and Bilateral Development Finance Institutions (p. 80). Washington DC: International Financial Corporation. http://www.miga.org/documents/IFI_report_09-13-11.pdf
[23]	Keane, J. (2009). Civil Society, Definitions and Approaches. http://johnkeane.info/media/pdfs/jk_civil_sciety_definitions_encyclopedia.pdf
[24]	Lang, M. (2013). The Crisis of Civilisation and Challenges for the Left. In M. Lang, & D. Mokrani (Eds.), Beyond Development: Alternative Visions from Latin America (p. 195). Quito-Ecuador: Transnational Institute/Rosa Luxemburg Foundation.
[25]	Maliha, Razzak, & Shazreh (2004). Bonded Labor in Agriculture: A Rapid Assessment in Sindh and Baluchistan, Pakistan. International Labour Organisation. Geneva: Internationa Labour Office.
[26]	Pearson, T. (2009). Opinion and Analysis: Law and Justice/Participation. http://venezuelanalysis.com/analysis/4980
[27]	PILER (2010). Labor Rights in Pakistan, Declining Decent Work and Emerging Struggles. Pakistan Institute of Labour Education and Research.
[28]	Powell, F. W. (2007). The Politics of Civil Society: Neoliberalism or Social Left? Bristol: Polity Press.
[29]	Progressive Youth Forum (2012). Progressive Youth Forum Pakistan. http://thepyfpakistan.wordpress.com/page/4/
[30]	Qadri, S. (2009). Civil Society: Hik Marxis Tajziyo. Aadarsh, 20-48.
[31]	Qazi, A. (2013). Tabdeeli Jo Safar: Dehli Sindh Khaan Agtey. Daily Kawish.
[32]	Sagar. (2010). Pakistan: History on the Run. Lahore: Good Books.
[33]	Shah, Z. (2014). Personal Reflection: Politics of Development and Civil Society of Pakistan. Merinews. http://www.merinews.com/article/personal-reflection-politics-of- development-and-civil-society-of-pakistan/15893763.shtml
[34]	Siddiqa, A. (2014). Islands in the Sand. The Express Tribune. http://tribune.com.pk/story/656506/islands-in-the-sand/
[35]	Stefan, Z. P. (2008). Tocqueville on Civilian Society: A Romantic Vision of the Dichotomic Structure of Social Reality. Archiv für Begriffsgeschichte (Felix Meiner Verlag).
[36]	Thalho, B. (2013). Sindhi Civil Society.
[37]	Therborn, G. (2008). From Marxism to Post-Marxism? London: Verso.
[38]	Zaidi, S. A. (1999). NGO Failure and the Need to Bring Back the State. Journal of International Development, 11, 259-271.
[39]	Zizek, S. (2012). Slavoj Zizek: Don’t Act. Just Think. http://www.dailymotion.com/video/xz3o3y_slavoj-zizek-don-t-act-just-think_tech                    eww150109lx