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Management Improvement of the Agmon Wetlands System (Hula Valley, Israel) Aimed at the Enhancement of Bird Populations and Kinneret Protection

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http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53560#.VMiO0izQrzE

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ABSTRACT
An ecological project is proposed for the system of Lake Agmon (Hula Valley, Israel). The project indicates a change of the original concept of the Hula Project construction. Practically Lake Agmon system was found to remove negligible amounts of Nitrogen and Phosphorus from the Lake Kinneret budget. Moreover, Lake Kinneret ecosystem has undergone limnological changes. The P limited Kinneret system is currently N limited. Therefore reduction of P and enhancement of N from the Hula Valley outflow might be beneficial to the Kinneret ecosystem. Currently, the TN concentration in the Agmon outflow is lower than in its inflow and vice versa for P. Consequently, this paper recommends conveying peat soil drained waters, the Agmon inflow, directly to Lake Kinneret instead of letting the waters flow through Lake Agmon. Nitrogen reduction in Lake Agmon is due to de-nitrification and sedimentation and P increase is due to degradation of aquatic vegetation. Additional benefit of this change is the predicted improvement of the new infrastructure for the activity of aquatic birds aimed at eco-tourism improvement.
 
Cite this paper
Gophen, M. (2015) Management Improvement of the Agmon Wetlands System (Hula Valley, Israel) Aimed at the Enhancement of Bird Populations and Kinneret Protection. Open Journal of Modern Hydrology, 5, 1-9. doi: 10.4236/ojmh.2015.51001.
 
References
[1]Dimentman, Ch., Bromely, H.J. and Por, F.D. (1992) Lake Hula: Reconstruction of Fauna and Hydrobiology of a Lost Lake. The Israeli Academy of Sciences and Humanities, Jerusalem, 170 p.
 
[2]Gophen, M. (2000) The Hula Project: N and P Dynamics in Lake Agmon and Pollutants Removal from the Kinneret Inputs. Water Science and Technology, 42, 117-122.
 
[3]Gophen, M. (1999) Prediction of an N2-Fixing Cyanobacteria Bloom in Lake Kinneret (Israel) Based on N and P Balance. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie, 27, 1239-1242.
 
[4]Gophen, M. (2000) Nutrient and Plant Dynamics in Lake Agmon Wetlands (Hula Valley, Israel): A Review with Emphasis on Typha Domingensis (1994-1999). Hydrobiologia, 1-12.
 
[5]Gophen, M. (2008) Long Term (1970-2001) Eco-Hydrological Processes in Lak Kinneret and Its Watershed. In: Zereini, H., Ed., Climatic Changes and Water Resources in the Middle East and in North Africa, Invited Chapter, Springer, Berlin, 373-402.
 
[6]Paine, R. and Gophen, M. 22011/2012. Mires and Peat, The Hula Peatland: Past, Present and Future. Volume 9 Special volume. Compiled by Richard Paine with Guest Editor Moshew Gophen, Forward by R/ Paine and M. Gophen.
 
[7]Gophen, M. (2004) Water Utilization in a Semi-Arid Zone, the Hula Valley (Israel): Pollutant Removal, Agriculture and Ecotourism Management. In: Zreiny, F. and Hotzl, H., Eds., Water in the Middle East and in North Africa: Resources, Protection, and management, Springer, Berlin, 207-226.
 
[8]Gophen, M. (2004) Ecohydrological Management of Lake Kinneret: A Case Study. Ecohydrology and Hydrobiology, 4, 397-408.
 
[9]Gophen M., Ed. (1995-2006) Hula Project Annual Reports. Migal, Water Authority, and Jewish National Fund (KKL). (In Hebrew)
 
[10]Barnea, I., Ed. (2007-2013) Hula Project Annual Reports. Migal, Water Authority, and Jewish National Fund (KKL). (In Hebrew)
 
[11]Gophen, M. (2011) The Cladoceran Trophic Status in the Nitrogen Limited Ecosystem of Lake Kinneret (Israel). Journal of Environmental Biology, 32.
 
[12]Gophen, M. (2014) The Impact of Water Level Decline on Water Quality in the Epilimnion of Lake Kinneret (Israel): Perennial Perspectives. Open Journal of Ecology, 4, 892-906.
 
[13]Gophen, M., Smith, V.H., Nishri, A. and Threlkeld, S.T. (1999) Nitrogen Deficiency, Phosphorus Sufficiency, and the Invasion of Lake Kinneret, Israel, by N2-fixing Cyanobacterium Aphanizomenon Ovalisporum. Aquatic Sciences, 1, 1-14.
 
[14]Labinger, Z. and Alon, D. (2006) Birds Chapter. In: Gophen, M., Ed., Hula Project Annual Report, 44-74.
 
[15]Gophen, M., Meron, M., Orlov-Levin, V. and Tsipris, Y. (2014) Seasonal and Spatial Distribution of N & P Substances in the Hula Valley (Israel) Subterranean. Open Journal of Modern Hydrology, 4, 121-131.
http://dx.doi.org./10.4236/ojmh.2014.44012                                                                               eww150128lx
 
[16]Gophen, M., Tsipris, Y., Meron, M. and Bar-Ilan, I. (2003) The Management of Lake Agmon Wetlands (Hula Valley, Israel), Shallow Lake Conference, Lake Balaton, Hungary, June 2002. Hydrobiologia, 506, 803-809.
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