跳至主要内容

Isolation and Expression Profiling of a CONSTANS-Like Gene and Two FLOWERING LOCUS T-Like Genes from Spinacia oleracea L.

Read  full  paper  at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52909#.VKyXz8nQrzE

ABSTRACT
Spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.) develops leaf rosettes under short-day conditions, and starts reproductive growth including bolting and flowering under long-day conditions. Japanese people prefer Oriental spinach that bolts easily with a shorter photoperiod than European spinach. This is one of the main reasons that Oriental spinach is difficult to grow year-round. In order to understand spinach flowering mechanisms and obtain knowledge for spinach breeding, we isolated one CONSTANS-like (COL) and two FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) homologs, which are key components of photoperiodic regulation of flowering time, from a Japanese cultivar. The expression of SoCOL1 showed diurnal rhythm with the highest expression at the end of the dark cycle. This diurnal rhythm is similar to the expression of BvCOL1 from sugar beet (Beta vulgaris), whose flower-promoting effect was observed when overexpressed in Arabidopsis. Phylogenetic analysis showed that SoCOL1 is the closest homolog of BvCOL1, suggesting that SoCOL1 is an ortholog of BvCOL1. SoFT1 and SoFT2 are closely related to BvFT1 and BvFT2, respectively. The expression of SoFT1 and SoFT2 were induced in advance of flower bud formation after changing the photoperiod, but the expression level of SoFT1 was much lower than SoFT2. Currently, we are speculating that SoFT2 is a flower-promoting factor of spinach, and that SoFT1 has a role in light signaling because the expression of SoFT1 showed a diurnal rhythm.
 
Cite this paper
Abe, E. , Fujino, K. , Masuda, K. and Yamaguchi, Y. (2014) Isolation and Expression Profiling of a CONSTANS-Like Gene and Two FLOWERING LOCUS T-Like Genes from Spinacia oleracea L.. American Journal of Plant Sciences, 5, 4018-4028. doi: 10.4236/ajps.2014.526420.
 
References
[1]Kagawa, A. (1974) Horenso: Nougyougijutsutaikei. Nobunkyou, Tokyo, Vol. 7, 3-8.
 
[2]Zeevaart, J.A. (2008) Leaf-Produced Floral Signals. Current Opinion in Plant Biology, 11, 541-547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pbi.2008.06.009
 
[3]Song, Y.H., Ito, S. and Imaizumi, T. (2013) Flowering Time Regulation: Photoperiod- and Temperature-Sensing in Leaves. Trends in Plant Science, 18, 575-583.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tplants.2013.05.003
 
[4]Ballerini, E.S. and Kramer, E.M. (2011) In the Light of Evolution: A Reevaluation of Conservation in the CO-FT Regulon and Its Role in Photoperiodic Regulation of Flowering Time. Frontiers in Plant Science, 2, 81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2011.00081
 
[5]Griffiths, S., Dunford, R.P., Coupland, G. and Laurie, D.A. (2003) The Evolution of CONSTANS-Like Gene Families in Barley, Rice, and Arabidopsis. Plant Physiology, 131, 1855-1867.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.102.016188
 
[6]Valverde, F. (2011) CONSTANS and the Evolutionary Origin of Photoperiodic Timing of Flowering. Journal of Experimental Botany, 62, 2453-2463. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erq449
 
[7]Tiwari, S.B., Shen, Y., Chang, H.C., Hou, Y., Harris, A., Ma, S.F., McPartland, M., Hymus, G.J., Adam, L., Marion, C., Belachew, A., Repetti, P.P., Reuber, T.L. and Ratcliffe, O.J. (2010) The Flowering Time Regulator CONSTANS Is Recruited to the FLOWERING LOCUS T Promoter via a Unique cis-Element. New Phytologist, 187, 57-66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2010.03251.x
 
[8]Yamaguchi, A., Kobayashi, Y., Goto, K., Abe, M. and Araki, T. (2005) TWIN SISTER OF FT (TSF) Acts as a Floral Pathway Integrator Redundantly with FT. Plant and Cell Physiology, 46, 1175-1189. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pcp/pci151
 
[9]Abe, M., Kobayashi, Y., Yamamoto, S., Daimon, Y., Yamaguchi, A., Ikeda, Y., Ichinoki, H., Notaguchi, M., Goto, K. and Araki, T. (2005) FD, a bZIP Protein Mediating Signals from the Floral Pathway Integrator FT at the Shoot Apex. Science, 309, 1052-1056. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1115983
 
[10]Kobayashi, Y., Kaya, H., Goto, K., Iwabuchi, M. and Araki, T. (1999) A Pair of Related Genes with Antagonistic Roles in Mediating Flowering Signals. Science, 286, 1960-1962.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.286.5446.1960
 
[11]Pin, P.A., Benlloch, R., Bonnet, D., Wremerth-Weich, E., Kraft, T., Gielen, J.J. and Nilsson, O. (2010) An Antagonistic Pair of FT Homologs Mediates the Control of Flowering Time in Sugar Beet. Science, 330, 1397-1400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1197004
 
[12]Zeevaart, J.A. (1971) Effects of Photoperiod on Growth Rate and Endogenous Gibberellins in the Long-Day Rosette Plant Spinach. Plant Physiology, 47, 821-827.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.47.6.821
 
[13]Wu, K., Li, L., Gage, D.A. and Zeevaart, J.A. (1996) Molecular Cloning and Photoperiod-Regulated Expression of Gibberellin 20-Oxidase from the Long-Day Plant Spinach. Plant Physiology, 110, 547-554. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.110.2.547
 
[14]Lee, D.J. and Zeevaart, J.A. (2002) Differential Regulation of RNA Levels of Gibberellin Dioxygenases by Photoperiod in Spinach. Plant Physiology, 130, 2085-2094. http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.008581
 
[15]Lee, D.J. and Zeevaart, J.A. (2005) Molecular Cloning of GA2-Oxidase3 from Spinach and Its Ectopic Expression in Nicotiana sylvestris. Plant Physiology, 138, 243-254.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1104/pp.104.056499
 
[16]Lee, D.J. and Zeevaart, J.A. (2007) Regulation of Gibberellin 20-Oxidase1 Expression in Spinach by Photoperiod. Planta, 226, 35-44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-006-0463-1
 
[17]Chia, T.Y., Müller, A., Jung, C. and Mutasa-Göttgens, E.S. (2008) Sugar Beet Contains a Large CONSTANS-LIKE Gene Family Including a CO Homologue That Is Independent of the Early-Bolting (B) Gene Locus. Journal of Experimental Botany, 59, 2735-2748. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/ern129
 
[18]Chab, D., Kolar, J., Olson, M.S. and Storchova, H. (2008) Two FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT) Homologs in Chenopodium rubrum Differ in Expression Patterns. Planta, 228, 929-940.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00425-008-0792-3
 
[19]Drabešová, J., Cháb, D., Kola?, J., Haškovcová, K. and Štorchová, H. (2014) A Dark-Light Transition Triggers Expression of the Floral Promoter CrFTL1 and Downregulates CONSTANS-Like Genes in a Short-Day Plant Chenopodium rubrum. Journal of Experimental Botany, 65, 2137-2146.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/eru073
 
[20]Kawade, K., Ishizaki, T. and Masuda, K. (2008) Differential Expression of Ribosome-Inactivating Protein Genes during Somatic Embryogenesis in Spinach (Spinacia oleracea). Physiologia Plantarum, 134, 270-281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3054.2008.01129.x
 
[21]Hanzawa, Y., Money, T. and Bradley, D. (2005) A Single Amino Acid Converts a Repressor to an Activator of Flowering. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 102, 7748-7753. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0500932102
 
[22]Ahn, J.H., Miller, D., Winter, V.J., Banfield, M.J., Lee, J.H., Yoo, S.Y., Henz, S.R., Brady, R.L. and Weigel, D. (2006) A Divergent External Loop Confers Antagonistic Activity on Floral Regulators FT and TFL1. The EMBO Journal, 25, 605-614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.emboj.7600950
 
[23]Ho, W.W. and Weigel, D. (2014) Structural Features Determining Flower-Promoting Activity of Arabidopsis FLOWERING LOCUS T. Plant Cell, 26, 552-564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1105/tpc.113.115220
 
[24]Ledger, S., Strayer, C., Ashton, F., Kay, S.A. and Putterill, J. (2001) Analysis of the Function of Two Circadian- Regulated CONSTANS-LIKE Genes. The Plant Journal, 26, 15-22.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2001.01003.x
 
[25]Suarez-Lopez, P., Wheatley, K., Robson, F., Onouchi, H., Valverde, F. and Coupland, G. (2001) CONSTANS Mediates between the Circadian Clock and the Control of Flowering in Arabidopsis. Nature, 410, 1116-1120. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/35074138
 
[26]Wang, C.Q., Guthrie, C., Sarmast, M.K. and Dehesh, K. (2014) BBX19 Interacts with CONSTANS to Repress FLOWERING LOCUS T Transcription, Defining a Flowering Time Checkpoint in Arabidopsis. Plant Cell, 21, 3416-3420.
 
[27]Dally, N., Xiao, K., Holtgräwe, D. and Jung, C. (2014) The B2 Flowering Time Locus of Beet Encodes a Zinc Finger Transcription Factor. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111, 10365- 10370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1404829111?                                            eww150107lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...
发表评论
阅读全文

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...
发表评论
阅读全文