跳至主要内容

Hypersynchronic Mental Automatisms: An Innovative Psychiatric Hypothesis Reaffirming Its Validity for Fifteen Years

Read  full  paper  at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53117#.VLXOT8nQrzE

Author(s) 
 
ABSTRACT
This paper deals with certain psychic automatisms that are usually diagnosed as psychiatric symptoms or as simple partial seizures. These mental automatisms are described in many writings by mystics, philosophers, literates, composers, and many different great artists and creators from human history, but they have never conferred any pathological value on these experiences. We have carried out previous scientific researches in which we found abundant arguments suggesting that these automatisms are due to neuronal nets physiologically adapted to fire in a hypersynchronous way. With these pieces of information we propose an audacious hypothesis: these automatic experiences are manifestations of a cognitive cerebral function that, until now, has been insufficiently delimited. We propose the term hyperia to denominate this cognitive function, which we consider responsible for clairvoyant and/or telepathic cognitions. Finally, we discuss the relevant consequences of this hypothesis, particularly in the fields of epilepsy, psychiatry, and neuropsychopharmacology.
 
Cite this paper
Alvarez-Rodriguez, J. (2015) Hypersynchronic Mental Automatisms: An Innovative Psychiatric Hypothesis Reaffirming Its Validity for Fifteen Years. Health, 7, 41-51. doi: 10.4236/health.2015.71006.
 
References
[1]Alvarez-Rodriguez, J. (1998) Mística y Epilepsia. Universidad de Murcia, Murcia.
https://www.educacion.gob.es/teseo/mostrarRef.do?ref=196587
 
[2]álvarez, J. (2001) Neuronal Hypersynchronization, Creativity and Endogenous Psychoses. Medical Hypotheses, 56, 672-685.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1054/mehy.2000.1269
 
[3]Alvarez-Rodriguez, J. (2014) Psychic Neuronal Hypersynchronies: A New Psychiatric Paradigm? Health, 6, 2089-2099.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2014.616242
 
[4]Alvarez-Rodriguez, J., Alvarez-Silva, S. and Alvarez-Silva, I. (2005) Epilepsy and Psychiatry: Automatic Psychic Paroxysms. Medical Hypotheses, 65, 671-675.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2005.03.030
 
[5]álvarez J. (1997) Mística y depresión: San Juan de la Cruz. Editorial Trotta, Madrid.
 
[6]álvarez, J. (2000) éxtasis sin fe. Editorial Trotta, Madrid.
 
[7]Ey, H. (1954) études Psychiatriques, Vol. III. Desclée de Brouwer, Paris.
 
[8]Devinsky, O. and Luciano, D. (1991) Psychic Phenomena in Partial Seizures. Seminars in Neurology, 11, 100-109.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-2008-1041211
 
[9]Jaspers, K. (1997) General Psychopathology. The Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore and London.
 
[10]Huxley, A. (1972) The Doors of Perception. Chatto & Windus, London.
 
[11]Moreau de Tours, J. (1845) Du hachisch et de l’aliénation mental. Translated by B.B. Milesi, Slatkine Reprints, Genève.
 
[12]Kantrowitz, J. and Javvit, D.C. (2012) Glutamatergic Transmission in Schizophrenia: From Basic Research to Clinical Practice. Current Opinion in Psychiatry, 25, 96-102.
 
[13]Moghaddam, B. and Javvit, D. (2012) From Revolution to Evolution: The Glutamatergic Hypothesis of Schizophrenia and Its Implication for Treatment. Neuropsychopharmacology Reviews, 37, 4-15.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/npp.2011.181
 
[14]Paz, R.D., Tardito, S., Atzoin, M. and Tseng, K.Y. (2008) Glutamatergic Dysfunction in Schizophrenia: From Basic Neuroscience to Clinical Psychopharmacology. European Neuropsychopharmacology, 18, 773-786.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.euroneuro.2008.06.005
 
[15]Striano, S., Coppola, A., del Gaudio, L. and Striano, P. (2012) Reflex Seizures and Reflex Epilepsies: Old Models for Understanding Mechanisms of Epileptogenesis. Epilepsy Research, 100, 1-11.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2012.01.013
 
[16]Xue, L.Y. and Ritaccio, A.L. (2006) Reflex Seizures and Reflex Epilepsy. American Journal of Electroneurodiagnostic Technology, 46, 39-48.
 
[17]Ferlazzo, E., Zifkin, B.G., Andermann, E. and Andermann, F. (2005) Cortical Triggers in Generalized Reflex Seizures and Epilepsies. Brain, 128, 700-710.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/brain/awh446
 
[18]Trenité, D.G. (2006) Photosensitivity, Visually Sensitive Seizures and Epilepsies. Epilepsy Research, 70, 269-279.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eplepsyres.2006.02.012
 
[19]Binnie, C.D. (1988) Self-Induction of Seizures: The Ultimate Non-Compliance. Epilepsy Research, 1, 153-158.
 
[20]Diekmann, V. and Hoppner, A.C. (2014) Cortical Network Dysfunction in Musicogenic Epilepsy Reflecting the Role of Snowballing Emotional Processes in Seizure Generation: An fMRI-EEG Study. Epileptic Disorders, 16, 31-44.
 
[21]Pittau, F., Tinuper, P., Bisulli, F., Naldi, I., Cortelli, P., Bisulli, A., Stipa, C., Cevolani, D., Agati, R., Leonardi, M. and Baruzzi, A. (2008) Videopolygraphic and Functional MRI Study of Musicogenic Epilepsy. A Case Report and Literature Review. Epilepsy & Behavior, 13, 685-692.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2008.05.004
 
[22]Mórocz, I.A., Karni, A., Haut, S., Lantos, G. and Liu, G. (2003) fMRI of Triggerable Aurae in Musicogenic Epilepsy. Neurology, 60, 705-709.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/01.WNL.0000047346.96206.A9
 
[23]Schondiest, M. (2004) Emotional Seizure Precipitation and Psychogenic Epileptic Seizures. In: Wolf, P., Yushi, I. and Zifkin, B., Eds., Reflex Epilepsies: Progress in Understanding, John Libbey Eurotext, Esher, 93-104.
 
[24]Trimble, M.R. (1986) Hysteria, Hystero-Epilepsy and Epilepsy. In: Trimble, M.R. and Reynolds, E.H., Eds., What Is Epilepsy? Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh, 192-205.
 
[25]Novakova, B., Harris, P.R., Ponnusamy, A. and Reuber, M. (2013) The Role of Stress as a Trigger for Epileptic Seizures: A Narrative Review of Evidence from Human and Animal Studies. Epilepsia, 54, 1866-1876.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/epi.12377
 
[26]Gilboa, T. (2012) Emotional Stress-Induced Seizures: Another Reflex Epilepsy? Epilepsia, 53, 29-32.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1167.2011.03342.x
 
[27]Reeves, R.R., Kose, S. and Abubakr, A. (2014) Temporal Lobe Discharges and Glossolalia. Neurocase, 20, 236-240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/13554794.2013.770874
 
[28]Cain, D.P. (1989) Long-Term Potentiation and Kindling: How Similar Are the Mechanisms? Trends in Neurosciences, 12, 6-10.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236(89)90146-X
 
[29]Teyler, T.J. and DiScenna, P. (1987) Long-Term Potentiation. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 10, 131-161.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ne.10.030187.001023
 
[30]Takeuchi, T., Duszkiewicz, A.J. and Morris, R.G. (2014) The Synaptic Plasticity and Memory Hypothesis: Encoding, Storage and Persistence. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369, Article ID: 20130288.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0288
 
[31]El-Gaby, M., Shipton, O.A. and Paulsen, O. (2014) Synaptic Plasticity and Memory: New Insights from Hippocampal Left-Right Asymmetries. Neuroscientist.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1073858414550658
 
[32]Park, P., Volianskis, A., Sanderson, T.M., Bortolotto, Z.A., Jane, D.E., Zhuo, M., Kaang, B.K. and Collingridge, G.L. (2013) NMDA Receptor-Dependent Long-Term Potentiation Comprises a Family of Temporally Overlapping Forms of Synaptic Plasticity that Are Induced by Different Patterns of Stimulation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 369, Article ID: 20130131.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rstb.2013.0131
 
[33]Sloviter, R.S., Bumanglag, A.V., Schwarcz, R.M. and Frotscher, M. (2012) Abnormal Dentate Gyrus Network Circuitry in Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. In: Noebels, J., Avoli, M., Rogawski, M., Olsen, R. and Delgado-Escueta, A., Eds., Jasper’s Basis Mechanisms of the Epilepsies, Oxford University Press, New York, 454-469.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199746545.003.0034
 
[34]Schwartzkroin, P.A. (2007) Epilepsy: Models, Mechanisms and Concepts. Cambridge University Press, New York.
 
[35]Avoli, M. (2007) Electrophysiology and Pharmacology of Human Neocortex and Hippocampus in Vitro. In: Schwartzkroin, P.A., Ed., Epilepsy: Models, Mechanisms and Concepts, Cambridge University Press, New York, 244- 280.
 
[36]Wilson, W.A. and Bragdon, A. (1993) Brain Slice Models for the Study of Seizures and Interictal Spikes. In: Schwartzkroin, P.A., Ed., Epilepsy: Models, Mechanisms and Concepts, Cambridge University Press, New York, 371- 387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511663314.015
 
[37]Gale, K. (1993) Focal Trigger and Pathways of Propagation in Seizure Generation. In: Schwartzkroin, P.A., Ed., Epilepsy: Models, Mechanisms and Concepts, Cambridge University Press, New York, 48-93.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511663314.004
 
[38]Durstewitz, D. (2009) Implications of Synaptic Biophysics for Recurrent Network Dynamics and Active Memory. Neural Networks, 22, 1189-1200.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.neunet.2009.07.016
 
[39]Telfeian, A.E. and Connors, B.W. (1999) Epileptiform Propagation Patterns Mediated by NMDA and Non-NMDA Receptors in Rat Neocortex. Epilepsia, 40, 1499-1506.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1528-1157.1999.tb02032.x
Kelly, J.B. and Zhang, H. (2002) Contribution of AMPA and NMDA Receptors to Excitatory Responses in the Inferior Colliculus. Hearing Research, 168, 35-42.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0378-5955(02)00372-6
 
[40]Schneiderman, J.H. and Macdonald, J.F. (1989) Excitatory Amino Acid Blockers Differentially Affect Bursting of in Vitro Hippocampal Neurons in Two Pharmacological Models of Epilepsy. Neuroscience, 31, 596-603.
 
[41]The Oxford English Dictionary. Clarendon Press, Oxford, 1989.
 
[42]http://www.thefreedictionary.com/Excessiveness
 
[43]Clarvoyance. (2011) Merrian-Webster.com.
http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/clairvoyance
 
[44]Gerrans, P. (2014) Pathologies of Hyperfamiliarity in Dreams, Delusions and déjà vu. Frontiers in Psychology, 5, 97.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00097
 
[45]Furlanetto, T., Bertone, C. and Becchio, C. (2013) The Bilocated Mind: New Perspectives on Self-Localization and Self-Identification. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 7, 71.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fnhum.2013.00071
 
[46]Occhionero, M. and Cicogna, P.C. (2011) Autoscopic Phenomena and One’s Own Body Representation in Dreams. Consciousness and Cognition, 20, 1009-1015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.concog.2011.01.004
 
[47]Brugger, P., Blanke, O., Regard, M., Bradford, D.T. and Landis, T. (2006) Polyopic Heautoscopy: Case Report and Review of the Literature. Cortex, 42, 666-674.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0010-9452(08)70403-9
 
[48]Alvarez-Silva, I., Alvarez-Rodriguez, J., Alvarez-Silva, S., Perez-Echeverria, M.J. and Campayo-Martínez, A. (2007) Melancholic Major Depression and Epilepsy. Medical Hypotheses, 69, 1046-1053.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2007.01.088
 
[49]Picard, F. and Kurth, F. (2014) Ictal Alterations of Consciousness during Ecstatic Seizures. Epilepsy & Behavior, 30, 58-61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2013.09.036
 
[50]Huxley, A. (1924) The Doors of Perception.
http://www.huxley.net/doors-of-perception/aldoushuxley-thedoorsofperception.pdf
 
[51]Hesse, H. (1963) Steppenwolf. Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
http://img0.liveinternet.ru/images/attach/c/0/3716/3716962_hermann_hesse__steppenwolf.pdf
 
[52]Loyola I (1900) Autobiography. Benzinger Brothers, New York.
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/24534/24534-h/24534-h.htm
 
[53]Noakes, R. (2014) Haunted Thoughts of the Careful Experimentalist: Psychical Research and the Troubles of Experimental Physics. Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part C, 48 Pt A, 46-56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.shpsc.2014.07.003
 
[54]Zanarini, M.C., Frankenburg, F.R., Wedig, M.M. and Fitzmaurice, G.M. (2013) Cognitive Experiences Reported by Patients with Borderline Personality Disorder and Axis II Comparison Subjects: A 16-Year Prospective Follow-Up Study. American Journal of Psychiatry, 170, 671-679.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2013.13010055
 
[55]Bobrow, R.S. (2011) Evidence for a Communal Consciousness. EXPLORE: The Journal of Science and Healing, 7, 246-248.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.explore.2011.04.001
 
[56]Utts, J. (1991) Replication and Meta-Analysis in Parapsychology. Statistical Science, 6, 363-378.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/ss/1177011577
 
[57]Persinger, M.A. and Saroka, K.S. (2012) Protracted Parahippocampal Activity Associated with Sean Harribance. International Journal of Yoga, 5, 140-145.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.98238
 
[58]Venkatasubramanian, G., Jayakumar, P., Nagendra, H., Nagaraja, D., Deeptha, R. and Gangadhar, B. (2008) Investing Paranormal Phenomena: Functional Brain Imaging of Telepathy. International Journal of Yoga, 1, 66-71.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-6131.43543
 
[59]Rahey, S. (2004) Prescience as an Aura of Temporal Lobe Epilepsy. Epilepsia, 45, 982-984.
 
[60]Starr, M.S. (1996) The Role of Dopamine in Epilepsy. Synapse, 22, 159-194.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1098-2396(199602)22:2<159::AID-SYN8>3.0.CO;2-C
 
[61]Mendez, M. (2000) Comprehensive Textbook of Psychiatry. In: Sadock, B. and Sadock, V., Eds., Neuropsychiatric Aspects of Epilepsy, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 261-273.
 
[62]Mostert, J.P., Koch, M.W., Heerings, M., Heersema, D.J. and De Keyser, J. (2008) Therapeutic Potential of Fluoxetine in Neurological Disorders. CNS Neuroscience & Therapeutics, 14, 153-164.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1527-3458.2008.00040.x
 
[63]Jobe, P.C. and Browning, R.A. (2005) The Serotonergic and Noradrenergic Effects of Antidepressant Drugs Are Anticonvulsant, Not Proconvulsant. Epilepsy & Behavior, 7, 602-619.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.yebeh.2005.07.014
 
[64]Albano, C., Cupello, A., Mainardi, P., Scarrone, S. and Favale, E. (2006) Successful Treatment of Epilepsy with Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors: Proposed Mechanism. Neurochemical Research, 31, 509-514.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11064-006-9045-7
 
[65]Farazifard, R. and Wu, S.H. (2010) Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors Modulate Glutamatergic and GABAergic Synaptic Transmission in the Central Nucleus of the Inferior Colliculus. Brain Research, 1325, 28-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2010.02.021
 
[66]Sanchez, J.T., Gans, D. and Wenstrup, J.J. (2007) Contribution of NMDA and AMPA Receptors to Temporal Patterning of Auditory Responses in the Inferior Colliculus. Journal of Neuroscience, 27, 1954-1963.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2894-06.2007
 
[67]Wu, S.H., Ma, C.L. and Kelly, J.B. (2004) Contribution of AMPA, NMDA, and GABA(A) Receptors to Temporal Pattern of Postsynaptic Responses in the Inferior Colliculus of the Rat. Journal of Neuroscience, 24, 4625-4634.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.0318-04.2004
 
[68]Aristotle (2011) The Works of Aristotle. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
http://archive.org/stream/worksofaristotle07arisuoft/worksofaristotle07arisuoft_djvu.txt
 
[69]Jouanna, J. (2012) Greek Medicine from Hippocrates to Galen: Selected Papers. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leiden.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/9789004232549
 
[70]Fingelkurts, A.A., Fingelkurts, A.A. and Kahkonen, S. (2005) New Perspectives in Pharmaco-Electroencephalography. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 29, 193-199.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pnpbp.2004.11.002
 
[71]Arnedo, J., Svrakic, D.M., Del Val, C., Romero-Zaliz, R., Hernández-Cuervo, H., Molecular Genetics of Schizophrenia Consortium, Fanous, A.H., Pato, M.T., Pato, C.N., de Erausquin, G.A., Cloninger, C.R. and Zwir, I. (2014) Uncovering the Hidden Risk Architecture of the Schizophrenias: Confirmation in the Three Independent Genome- Wide Association Studies. American Journal of Psychiatry, Ahead of Print.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ajp.2014.14040435
 
[72]Alvarez-Rodriguez, J., Alvarez-Silva, S. and Alvarez-Silva, I. (2014) Is the Current Diagnosis of Schizophrenia Useful or Harmful? Open Journal of Medical Psychology, 3, 157-160.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ojmp.2014.32018
 
[73]Fuldford, K.W. (2011) Neuroscience and Values: A Case Study Illustrating Developments in Policy, Training and Research in the UK and Internationally. Mens Sana Monographs, 9, 79-92.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0973-1229.77428
 
[74]Kinghorn, W.A. (2011) Whose Disorder? A Constructive Macintyrean Critique of Psychiatric Nosology. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy, 36, 187-205.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jmp/jhr006
 
[75]Jahoda, M. (1958) Current Concepts of Positive Mental Health. Basic Books, New York.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/11258-000
 
[76]Kesller, R.C., Ciu, W.T., Deler, O. and Walters, E.E. (2005) Prevalence, Severity, and Comorbidity of Twelve-Month DSM-IV Disorders in the National Comorbidity Survey Replication (NCS-R). Archives of General Psychiatry, 62, 617-627.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archpsyc.62.6.617
 
[77]Not Authors Cited (2000) Cross-National Comparisons of the Prevalences and Correlates of Mental Disorders. WHO International Consortium in Psychiatric Epidemiology. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 413-426.                                                                                                                             eww150114lx

评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...