跳至主要内容

Gender Crisis in Poland, Catholic Ideology and the Media

Read  full  paper  at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52942#.VK3YEMnQrzE

Author(s)  
 
 
ABSTRACT
The author discusses the “anti-gender” debate initiated by the Catholic Church in Poland, which has proclaimed a deepening crisis of family and society and has accused gender ideology of being responsible. At the end of 2013, a campaign emerged within the Church to undermine gender theories and to put blame on gender theorists for societal flaws. The discourse has been elaborated on in the media and has created an atmosphere of friction and unrest between academics involved in gender studies and church representatives. The nation has been divided in its understanding and acceptance of gender, with people heavily influenced by sermons in local churches and by the Catholic press. This paper contains a critical analysis of the Church’s stand point on gender issues in Poland and the results of a survey of public opinion carried out by the author. Denial and rejection of gender theories by the Polish Catholic Church should not be ignored. This denial may have a negative impact on women’s rights and their position in Polish society and undermine the work of multiple generations of researchers, suffragettes and feminists. Moreover it is highly offensive to diverse communities and therefore should be highlighted and addressed in the wider context. The article should be treated as a viewpoint based on media discourse analysis and a small scale empirical research, based on interpretative paradigm.
 
Cite this paper
Odrowąż-Coates, A. (2015) Gender Crisis in Poland, Catholic Ideology and the Media. Sociology Mind, 5, 27-34. doi: 10.4236/sm.2015.51004.
 
References
[1]Acker, J. (1992). Gendered Institutions. From Sex Roles to Gendered Institutions. Contemporary Sociology, 21, 565-569.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2075528
 
[2]Aune, K., Sharma, S., & Vincett, G. (2008). Women and Religion in the West: Challenging Secularization. Aldershot: Ashgate.
 
[3]Badran, M. (2009). Feminism in Islam: Secular and Religious Convergences. Oxford: Oneworld Publications.
 
[4]Baliszewski, T. (2014). Ks. Dariusz Oko mówil w Sejmie o gender. “Ateisci, maniacy seksualni”.
http://natemat.pl/89587,ks-dariusz-oko-mowil-w-sejmie-o-gender-ateisci-maniacy-seksualni
 
[5]Bohdanowicz, A. (2014). Beata Kempa wyruszyla w Polske ostrzegac przed “ideologia gender”.
http://natemat.pl/90069,beata-kempa-wyruszyla-w-polske-ostrzegac-przedideologia-gender?
 
[6]Butler, J. (1993). Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of “Sex”. New York: Routledge.
 
[7]Connell, R. W. (1987). Gender and Power: Society, the Person and Sexual Politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.
 
[8]Daggers, J. (2002). The British Christian Women’s Movement. Aldershot: Ashgate.
 
[9]de Beauvoir, S. (1972 [1949]). The Second Sex. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
 
[10]Ekai.pl (2014). Gender oczami specjalistow—Konferencja w Warszawie.
http://ekai.pl/wydarzenia/temat_dnia/x74793/gender-oczami-specjalistow-konferencja-w-warszawie/
 
[11]Fausto-Sterling, A. (1992). Myths of Gender: Biological Theories about Women and Men. New York: Basic Books.
 
[12]Fausto-Sterling, A. (2000). Sexing the Body: Gender Politics and the Construction of Sexuality. New York: Basic Books.
 
[13]Fedele, A. (2012). Looking for Mary Magdalene: Alternative Pilgrimage and Ritual Creativity at Catholic Shrines in France. Oxford Ritual Studies, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199898404.001.0001
 
[14]Fedele, A., & Knibbe, K. (2013). Gender and Power in Contemporary Spirituality. London: Routledge.
 
[15]Gazeta Wyborcza (2014). Minister nauki o gender: “Szanujemy wolnosc badań i pracy naukowej”.
http://wyborcza.pl/1,75478,15270797,Minister_nauki_o_gender___Szanujemy_wolnosc_badan.html#ixzz32oanurx7
 
[16]Grzelinska, A. (2014). Gender w przedszkolu? Przebrali chlopca za dziewczynke.
http://www.gazetawroclawska.pl/artykul/1084544,gender-w-przedszkolu-przebrali-chlopca-za-dziewczynke,id,t.html?cookie=1
 
[17]Gumowska, A. (2014). Antygenderowy kurs pod przywództwem ksiedza Oko.
http://polska.newsweek.pl/gender-ukryta-prawda-kurs-dla-katolikow-na-ktory-wybral-sie-newsweek,artykuly,287329,1.html
 
[18]Harrison, W. C. (2006). The Shadow and the Substance: The Sex/Gender Debate. In K. Davis, M. Evans, & J. Lorber (Eds.), Handbook of Gender and Women’s Studies (pp. 35-52). London: Sage Publication.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781848608023.n3
 
[19]Ingersoll, J. (2003). Evangelical Christian Women: War Stories in the Gender Battles. New York: New York University Press.
 
[20]Jedrzejczyk, M. (2014). Gender grozniejsze od Marksizmu. http://www.naszdziennik.pl/wiara-kosciol-w-polsce/24344
 
[21]Kessler, S. (1998). Lessons from the Intersexed. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
 
[22]Kessler, S., & McKenna, W. (1978). Gender: An Ethnomethodological Approach. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
 
[23]Klassen, C. (2009). Feminist Spirituality: The Next Generation. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.
 
[24]Kolarska-Bobińska, L. (2014). Stanowisko MNiSW w sprawie zajec i badań dotyczacych gender na uczelniach.
http://www.nauka.gov.pl/aktualnosci-ministerstwo/stanowisko-mnisw-w-sprawie-zajec-i-badan-dotyczacych-gender-na-uczelniach.html
 
[25]Kraskowska, E. et al. (2013). List Interdyscyplinarnego Centrum Badań Plci Kulturowej i Tozsamosci UAM do Ministry Agnieszki Kozsowskiej-Rajewicz o naruszeniu naszych praw i godnosci osobistej.
http://studiagender.wordpress.com/2013/12/07/list-interdyscyplinarnego-centrum-badan-plci-kulturowej-i-tozsamosci-uam-do-ministry-agnieszki-kozlowskiej-rajewicz-o-naruszeniu-naszych-praw-i-godnosci-osobistej/
 
[26]Laqueur, T. (1990). Making Sex: Body and Gender from the Greeks to Freud. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
 
[27]Lorber, J. (1994). Paradoxes of Gender. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.
 
[28]Luxmoore, J. (2014). Polish Church Declares War on Gender Ideology—A Pastoral Letter by Polish Bishops Has Caused Backlash from Some Who See Attack as a Witch Hunt.
https://www.osv.com/OSVNewsweekly/Article/TabId/535/ArtMID/13567/ArticleID/13990/Polish-Church-declares-war-on-gender-ideology.aspx
 
[29]Mantovani, C. (2013). The Truth of Human Love and Gender Ideology in a Document of the Spanish Bishops.
http://www.vanthuanobservatory.org/notizie-dsc/notizia-dsc.php?lang=en&id=1600
 
[30]McGinty, A. M. (2006). Becoming Muslim: Western Women’s Conversions to Islam. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780312376215
 
[31]McGinty, A. M. (2007). Formation of Alternative Femininities through Islam: Feminist Approaches among Muslim Converts in Sweden. Women’s Studies International Forum, 30, 474-485.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.wsif.2007.09.004
 
[32]McGinty, A. M. (2012). Faith Drives Me to Be an Activist: Me to Be an Activist: Two American Muslim Women on Faith, Outreach, and Gender. The Muslim World, 102, 371-389.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1478-1913.2012.01400.x
 
[33]Money, J. (1965). Psychosexual Differentiation. In J. Money (Ed.), Sex Research: New Developments (pp. 3-23). New York: Holt, Rhinehart and Winston.
 
[34]Newsweek (2014). Abp. Michalik nie odpowie za slowa o “ideologii gender” i “agresywnych feministkach”.
http://polska.newsweek.pl/abp-michalik-gender-feministki-newsweek-pl,artykuly,279284,1.html
 
[35]Newsweek Polska (2014). Poslowie zorganizowali sie przeciwko “ideologii gender”.
http://polska.newsweek.pl/paramentarny-zespol-stop-ideologii-gender-beata-kempa-newsweek-pl,artykuly,278384,1.html
 
[36]Oakley, A. (1972). Sex, Gender and Society. London: Temple Smith.
 
[37]Osiecki, G., & Zólciak, T. (2014). Sondaz DGP: Chcemy państwa opiekuńczego. Nie gender.
http://www.gazetaprawna.pl/artykuly/800648,sondaz-dgp-chcemy-panstwa-opiekunczego-nie-gender.html
 
[38]PAP (2014). Leszek Miller: Gender to nauka, nie ideologia.
http://wiadomosci.wp.pl/kat,1025897,title,Leszek-Miller-gender-to-nauka-nie-ideologia,wid,16358798,wiadomosc.html?ticaid=112cb5
 
[39]Pawlicka, A. (2014). Beata Kempa i spólka, czyli mlot na gender.
http://polska.newsweek.pl/stop-ideologii-gender-i-beata-kempa-na-newsweek-pl,artykuly,279041,1.html
 
[40]Petrowa-Wasilewicz, A., & Przeciszewski, M. (2013). Dlaczego Kosciol mowi o gender?
http://ekai.pl/wydarzenia/temat_dnia/x73681/dlaczego-kosciol-mowi-o-gender/
 
[41]Podgórska, J. (2014). Gender i pedofilia.
http://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kraj/1564277,1,kosciol-walczy-z-nowym-wrogiem.read
 
[42]Polityka (2014). O dzieciach dla doroslych.
http://www.polityka.pl/tygodnikpolityka/kraj/1566673,1,podstepny-gender-czyha-na-przedszkolaki.read
 
[43]Polskie Radio (2014). Biskupi o gender. “Ma charakter destrukcyjny wobec czlowieka”.
http://www.polskieradio.pl/5/3/Artykul/1012461,Biskupi-o-gender-Ma-charakter-destrukcyjny-wobec-czlowieka
 
[44]Radomski, J. (2014). Nauka Gender vs. Ideologia Jesus.
http://www.tokfm.pl/blogi/liberte/2014/01/jan_radomski_nauka_gender_vs_ideologia_jesus/1
 
[45]Redzioch, W. (2014). Gender-nowa, niebezpieczna ideologia.
http://www.niedziela.pl/artykul/78160/nd/%E2%80%9EGender%E280%9D--nowa-niebezpieczna
 
[46]Regnerus, M. (2012). How Different Are the Adult Children of Parents Who Have Same-Sex Relationships? Findings from the New Family Structures Study. Social Science Research, 41, 752-770.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ssresearch.2012.03.009
 
[47]Rogojsz, L. (2014). Gender, czyli dziewczynka do bicia.
http://polska.newsweek.pl/gender-kontrowersje-spory-gender-studies-zalozenia-studia-genderowe-plec-kulturowa-newsweek-pl,artykuly,278337,1.html
 
[48]Rys, M. (2013). Co ma kosciól do gender.
http://www.idziemy.com.pl/spoleczenstwo/co-ma-kosciol-do-gender/3/
 
[49]Rys, M. (2014). Gender a prawa reprodukcyjne.
http://www.fronda.pl/a/gender-a-prawa-reprodukcyjne,33892.html
 
[50]Rzewuski, P. (2013). Gender: Miedzy ideologiq a naukq, czyli co to wlasciwie jest.
http://histmag.org/8845
 
[51]Stoller, R. (1968). Sex and Gender: On the Development of Masculinity and Femininity. London: Hogarth Press.
 
[52]Tutak-Goll, M. (2013). Barbara Limanowska: Co to jest gender.
http://www.wysokieobcasy.pl/wysokieobcasy/1,98083,15194525,Barbara_Limanowska__Co_to_jest_gender.html
 
[53]Wiara.pl (2014a). Biskupi o gender—List pasterski.
http://papiez.wiara.pl/doc/1827010.Biskupi-o-gender-list-pasterski
 
[54]Wiara.pl (2014b). Dlaczego gender jest tak niebezpieczne.
http://info.wiara.pl/doc/1403501.Dlaczego-gender-jest-tak-niebezpieczne
 
[55]Wpolityce.pl (2014). O gender w Episkopacie—Czy to dobre miejsce na tego typu dyskusje?
http://wpolityce.pl/polityka/183869-o-gender-w-episkopacie-czy-to-dobre-miejsce-na-tego-typu-dyskusje
 
[56]Youtube (2014). O co chodzi w gender? Abp Marek Jedraszewski.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3ESROktnEB8
 
[57]Zwissler, L. (2007). Spiritual, but Religious. Culture and Religion, 8, 51-69.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14755610601157120                                                                  eww150108lx

评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...