跳至主要内容

Apple Extracts Present Catabolic and Hipocolesterolemic Effect in Mice

Read  full  paper  at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=53172#.VLcvqMnQrzE

ABSTRACT
Dyslipidemia is highly prevalent in the Chilean population: about 40% have total cholesterol levels over 200 mg/dl and 25% are obese (BMI > 30) which produces an increased risk of cardiovascular disease and deaths. Over consumption of foods rich in lipids and carbohydrates unchains these events, due to the high amount of lipid accumulation in adipocytes. These cells are capable of producing a large number of mediators of inflammation and adipokines which in large quantities can compromise the overall metabolism. Apple has been shown to stop these events. We used CF-1 mice that were fed on a high-fat diet which leads to a metabolic status similar to dyslipidemia. Different types of apple waste were direct from orchard and fruit industry. Extracts obtained were characterized and administered in drinking water. At the end of the 40-day experimental period, biochemical parameters in animals were measured and the weight of white adipose tissue (WAT) was quantified. The results were compared with the normal diet and fat diet controls. All apple extracts decrease total and LDL cholesterol to levels similar to normal control and decrease WAT. Apple extracts may be an effective protector against development of risk factors in cardiovascular disease in the Chilean population.
 
Cite this paper
Poblete, M. , Neira, A. , Huilcamán, R. , Palomo, I. , Yuri, J. and Moore-Carrasco, R. (2015) Apple Extracts Present Catabolic and Hipocolesterolemic Effect in Mice. Food and Nutrition Sciences, 6, 141-150. doi: 10.4236/fns.2015.61015.
 
References
[1]Mendis, S., Puska, P. and Norrving, B. (2011) Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control. WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data, Geneva.
 
[2]Ministerio de Salud (2010) Encuesta de Salud.
 
[3]Galic, S., Oakhill, J.S. and Steinberg, G.R. (2010) Adipose Tissue as an Endocrine Organ. Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology, 316, 129-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mce.2009.08.018
 
[4]Ponnuswamy, P., Van Vré, E.A., Mallat, Z. and Tedgui, A. (2012) Humoral and Cellular Immune Responses in Atherosclerosis: Spotlight on Band T-Cells. Vascular Pharmacology, 56, 193-203.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.vph.2012.01.009
 
[5]Palomo, G.I., Fuentes, Q.E., Moore-Carrasco, R., González, D.R., Rojas, R.A., Padro, T., et al. (2011) El consumo de frutas y hortalizas ayuda a prevenir el dano endotelial. Revista Chilena de Nutrición, 38, 343-355.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4067/S0717-75182011000300010
 
[6]Agencia Regional de Desarrollo Productivo Maule (2010) Informe de Productividad ano 2010.
 
[7]Zessner, H., Pan, L., Will, F., Klimo, K., Knauft, J., Niewohner, R., et al. (2008) Fractionation of Polyphenol-Enriched Apple Juice Extracts to Identify Constituents with Cancer Chemopreventive Potential. Molecular Nutrition Food Research, 52, S28-S44.
 
[8]Caimari, A., del Bas, J.M., Crescenti, A. and Arola, L. (2013) Low Doses of Grape Seed Procyanidins Reduce Adiposity and Improve the Plasma Lipid Profile in Hamsters. International Journal of Obesity, 37, 576-583.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2012.75
 
[9]Yuri, J.A., Neira, A., Quilodran, A., Motomura, Y. and Palomo, I. (2009) Antioxidant Activity and Total Phenolics Concentration in Apple Peel and Flesh Is Determined by Cultivar and Agroclimatic Growing Regions in Chile. Journal of Food, Agriculture & Environment, 7, 513-517.
 
[10]Leontowicz, H., Gorinstein, S., Lojek, A., Leontowicz, M., Ciz, M., Soliva-Fortuny, R., et al. (2002) Comparative Content of Some Bioactive Compounds in Apples, Peaches and Pears and Their Influence on Lipids and Antioxidant Capacity in Rats. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 13, 603-610.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0955-2863(02)00206-1
 
[11]Perez-Vizcaino, F. and Duarte, J. (2010) Flavonols and Cardiovascular Disease. Molecular Aspects of Medicine, 31, 478-494.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mam.2010.09.002
 
[12]Cho, K.D., Han, C.K. and Lee, B.H. (2013) Loss of Body Weight and Fat and Improved Lipid Profiles in Obese Rats Fed Apple Pomace or Apple Juice Concentrate. Journal of Medicinal Food, 16, 823-830.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2013.2784
 
[13]Leontowicz, M., Gorinstein, S., Leontowicz, H., Krzeminski, R., Lojek, A., Katrich, E., et al. (2003) Apple and Pear Peel and Pulp and Their Influence on Plasma Lipids and Antioxidant Potentials in Rats Fed Cholesterol-Containing Diets. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 51, 5780-5785.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf030137j
 
[14]Brandt, K. and Molgaard, J.P. (2001) Organic Agriculture: Does It Enhance or Reduce the Nutritional Value of Plant Foods? Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 81, 924-931.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.903
 
[15]Valavanidis, A., Vlachogianni, T., Psomas, A., Zovoili, A. and Siatis, V. (2009) Polyphenolic Profile and Antioxidant Activity of Five Apple Cultivars Grown under Organic and Conventional Agricultural Practices. International Journal of Food Science & Technology, 44, 1167-1175.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2621.2009.01937.x
 
[16]Yuri, J., Maldonado, F., Razmilic, I., Neira, A., Quilodrán, A. and Palomo, I. (2012) Concentrations of Total Phenols and Antioxidant Activity in Apple Do Not Differ between Conventional and Organic Orchard Management. Journal of Food Agriculture & Environment, 10, 207-216.
 
[17]He, R.R., Wang, M., Wang, C.Z., Chen, B.T., Lu, C.N., Yao, X.S., et al. (2011) Protective Effect of Apple Polyphenols against Stress-Provoked Influenza Viral Infection in Restraint Mice. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 59, 3730-3737.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/jf104982y
 
[18]Moore-Carrasco, R., Aranguez-Arellano, C., Razmilic, I., Toloza, L., Morales, E., Argiles, J.M. and Palomo, I. (2008) A High Fat Diet in CF-1 Mice: An Experimental Model for Metabolic Syndrome. Molecular Medicine Reports, 1, 401405.
 
[19]Helrich, K. (1990) Official Method of Analysis of the AOAC. 15th Edition, Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Rockville.
 
[20]Hogan, S., Zhang, L., Li, J., Sun, S., Canning, C. and Zhou, K. (2010) Antioxidant Rich Grape Pomace Extract Suppresses Postprandial Hyperglycemia in Diabetic Mice by Specifically Inhibiting Alpha-Glucosidase. Nutrition & Metabolism, 7, 71.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1743-7075-7-71
 
[21]Shoji, T., Akazome, Y., Kanda, T. and Ikeda, M. (2004) The Toxicology and Safety of Apple Polyphenol Extract. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 42, 959-967.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fct.2004.02.008
 
[22]Boqué, N., Campión, J., de la Iglesia, R., de la Garza, A.L., Milagro, F.I., San Román, B., et al. (2013) Screening of Polyphenolic Plant Extracts for Anti-Obesity Properties in Wistar Rats. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 93, 1226-1232.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.5884
 
[23]Kamada, C., da Silva, E.L., Ohnishi-Kameyama, M., Moon, J.H. and Terao, J. (2005) Attenuation of Lipid Peroxidation and Hyperlipidemia by Quercetin Glucoside in the Aorta of High Cholesterol-Fed Rabbit. Free Radical Research, 39, 185-194.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10715760400019638
 
[24]Aprikian, O., Busserolles, J., Manach, C., Mazur, A., Morand, C., Davicco, M.J., et al. (2002) Lyophilized Apple Counteracts the Development of Hypercholesterolemia, Oxidative Stress, and Renal Dysfunction in Obese Zucker Rats. Journal of Nutrition, 132, 1969-1976.
 
[25]Serra, A.T., Rocha, J., Sepodes, B., Matias, A.A., Feliciano, R.P., de Carvalho, A., et al. (2012) Evaluation of Cardiovascular Protective Effect of Different Apple Varieties—Correlation of Response with Composition. Food Chemistry, 135, 2378-2386.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.07.067
 
[26]Koo, S.I. and Noh, S.K. (2007) Green Tea as Inhibitor of the Intestinal Absorption of Lipids: Potential Mechanism for Its Lipid-Lowering Effect. Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 18, 179-183.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jnutbio.2006.12.005
 
[27]Kim, A., Chiu, A., Barone, M.K., Avino, D., Wang, F., Coleman, C.I. and Phung, O.J. (2011) Green Tea Catechins Decrease Total and Low-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of the American Dietetic Association, 111, 1720-1729.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jada.2011.08.009
 
[28]Osada, K., Suzuki, T., Kawakami, Y., Senda, M., Kasai, A., Sami, M., et al. (2006) Dose-Dependent Hypocholesterolemic Actions of Dietary Apple Polyphenol in Rats Fed Cholesterol. Lipids, 41, 133-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11745-006-5081-y
 
[29]Kunkel, S.D., Elmore, C.J., Bongers, K.S., Ebert, S.M., Fox, D.K., Dyle, M.C., et al. (2012) Ursolic Acid Increases Skeletal Muscle and Brown Fat and Decreases Diet-Induced Obesity, Glucose Intolerance and Fatty Liver Disease. PLoS ONE, 7, e39332.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0039332
 
[30]Rao, V.S., de Melo, C.L., Queiroz, M.G.R., Lemos, T.L.G., Menezes, D.B., Melo, T.S. and Santos, F.A. (2011) Ursolic Acid, a Pentacyclic Triterpene from Sambucus australis, Prevents Abdominal Adiposity in Mice Fed a High-Fat Diet. Journal of Medicinal Food, 14, 1375-1382.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jmf.2010.0267
 
[31]Boqué, N., de la Iglesia, R., de la Garza, A.L., Milagro, F., Olivares, M., Banuelos, ó., et al. (2013) Prevention of DietInduced Obesity by Apple Polyphenols in Wistar Rats through Regulation of Adipocyte Gene Expression and DNA Methylation Patterns. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research, 57, 1473-1478.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201200686
 
[32]Shahidi, F. (2009) Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods: Whole versus Processed Foods. Trends in Food Science & Technology, 20, 376-387.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2008.08.004
 
[33]Sofi, F., Cesari, F., Abbate, R., Gensini, G.F. and Casini, A. (2008) Adherence to Mediterranean Diet and Health Status: Meta-Analysis. British Medical Journal, 337, a1344.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.a1344
 
[34]Urpi-Sarda, M., Casas, R., Chiva-Blanch, G., Romero-Mamani, E.S., Valderas-Martínez, P., Arranz, S., et al. (2012) Virgin Olive Oil and Nuts as Key Foods of the Mediterranean Diet Effects on Inflammatory Biomarkers Related to Atherosclerosis. Pharmacological Research, 65, 577-583.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.phrs.2012.03.006
 
[35]Bonaccio, M., Iacoviello, L. and de Gaetano, G., on Behalf of the Moli-Sani Investigators (2012) The Mediterranean Diet: The Reasons for a Success. Thrombosis Research, 129, 401-404.
 
[36]Nadtochiy, S.M. and Redman, E.K. (2011) Mediterranean Diet and Cardioprotection: The Role of Nitrite, Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids, and Polyphenols. Nutrition, 27, 733-744.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nut.2010.12.006                                                                              eww150115lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...
发表评论
阅读全文

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...
发表评论
阅读全文