跳至主要内容

Vitamin D Status, C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease—A Hospital-Based Study

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52699#.VKDJIcCAM4

Author(s)   
Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a leading cause of deaths of women and men worldwide. In this study we tried to assess the relationship between Vitamin D status and CAD. Vitamin D has a big role in the body and debate on its effect on the heart and coronary arteries still exits. C-reactive protein (CRP) is an inflammatory marker which may rise in CHD. Aim: To determine the relationship between Vitamin D status and CRP and CAD risk among patients at middle zone of the Gaza Strip. Methodology: A retrospective case-control, hospital-based study was conducted at Al-Aqsa Martyr’s Hospital in Dier El-Balah City from August 2014 to October 2014. Patients (n = 100) aged above 40 years with confirmed CAD history were recruited using a purposeful, non-random sampling. Vitamin D status assessed by food frequency questionnaire of dietary Vitamin D and serum Vitamin D. Serum Vitamin D was measured using Calbiotech’s 25-OH Vitamin D ELISA and serum CRP was measured by the latex agglutination. SPSS V.19 used for data analysis. Results: Mean of age among cases was (68.28 ± 8.01) higher than controls (57.82 ± 9.61) (P = 0.01); percent of males (54%) was higher than females (46.0%) among cases. Sun exposure and mean duration of daily exposure to sunlight were higher in cases (P > 0.05). Cases were consumed less servings of Vitamin D rich food than controls (P > 0.05). Percent of Vitamin D deficiency among cases (42%) was higher than controls (16.0%) (P = 0.002). Mean of serum Vitamin D in association with positive CRP was (79.95 ± 70.6) lower than those with negative CRP (106.06 ± 68.966) (P = 0.13). Percent of positive serum CRP among cases 30% was higher than controls 10% (P = 0.01). Conclusion: Vitamin D deficiency was associated with positive CRP in patients with CAD. Vitamin D may have an anti-inflammatory effect regarding to our results.
Cite this paper
Ahmed, A. (2014) Vitamin D Status, C-Reactive Protein and Risk of Coronary Artery Disease—A Hospital-Based Study. Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 5, 1148-1156. doi: 10.4236/pp.2014.513125. 
 

[1] (2010) Global Status Report on Noncommunicable Diseases. World Health Organization, Geneva.
[2] Murphy, S.L., Xu, J.Q. and Kochanek, K.D. (2013) Deaths: Final Data for 2010. National Vital Statistics Reports, 61.
http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr61/nvsr61_04.pdf
[3] Ministry of Health (2012) Health Annual Report Palestine 2011. Ministry of Health, Palestinian Health Information Center, Nablus.
[4] Nabel, E.G. and Braunwald, E. (2012) A Tale of Coronary Artery Disease and Myocardial Infarction. New England Journal of Medicine, 366, 54.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra1112570
[5] Hansson, G.K. (2005) Inflammation, Atherosclerosis, and Coronary Artery Disease. New England Journal of Medicine, 352, 1685-1695.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra043430
[6] Hansson, G.K. (2001) Immune Mechanisms in Atherosclerosis. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 21, 1876-1890.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/hq1201.100220
[7] Binder, C.J., Hartvigsen, K., Chang, M.K., et al. (2004) IL-5 Links Adaptive and Natural Immunity Specific for Epitopes of Oxidized LDL and Protects from Atherosclerosis. Journal of Clinical Investigation, 114, 427-437.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1172/JCI200420479
[8] Mallat, Z., Besnard, S., Duriez, M., et al. (1999) Protective Role of Interleukin-10 in Atherosclerosis. Circulation Research, 85, e17-e24.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.RES.85.8.e17
[9] Caligiuri, G., Rudling, M., Ollivier, V., et al. (2003) Interleukin-10 Deficiency Increases Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Low-Density Lipoproteins in Apolipoprotein E Knockout Mice. Molecular Medicine, 9, 10-17.
[10] Chilton, R.J. (2004) Pathophysiology of Coronary Heart Disease: A Brief Review. Journal of the American Osteopathic Association, 104, S5-S8.
[11] Liuzzo, G., Biasucci, L.M., Rebuzzi, A.G., Gallimore, J.R., Caligiuri, G., Lanza, G.A., et al. (1996) Plasma Protein Acute-Phase Response in Unstable Angina Is Not Induced by Ischemic Injury. Circulation, 94, 2373-2380.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.94.10.2373
[12] Brewer, L.C., Michos, E.D. and Reis, J.P. (2011) Vitamin D in Atherosclerosis, Vascular Disease, and Endothelial Function. Current Drug Targets, 12, 54-60.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138945011793591617
[13] Giovannucci, E., Liu, Y., Hollis, B.W. and Rimm, E.B. (2008) 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Men. Archives of Internal Medicine, 168, 1174-1180.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.11.1174
[14] Wang, T.J., Pencina, M.J., Booth, S.L., Jacques, P.F., Ingelsson, E., Lanier, K., Benjamin, E.J., D’Agostino, R.B., Wolf, M. and Vasan, R.S. (2008) Vitamin D Deficiency and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease. Circulation, 117, 503-511.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706127
[15] Dobnig, H., Pilz, S., Scharnagl, H., Renner, W., Seelhorst, U., Wellnitz, B., et al. (2008) Independent Association of Low Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and 1, 25-Dihydroxyvitamin D Levels with All-Cause and Cardiovascular Mortality. Archives of Internal Medicine, 168, 1340-1349.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.168.12.1340
[16] Holick, M.F. (2007) Vitamin D Deficiency. The New England Journal of Medicine, 357, 266-281.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMra070553
[17] Institute of Medicine (IOM), Food and Nutrition Board (2010) Dietary Reference Intakes for Calcium and Vitamin D. National Academy Press, Washington DC.
[18] Holick, M.F. (2004) Vitamin D. Importance in the Prevention of Cancers, Type 1 Diabetes, Heart Disease, and Osteoporosis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 79, 362-371.
[19] Rosen, C.J., Adams, J.S., Bikle, D.D., Black, D.M., Demay, M.B., Manson, J.E., et al. (2012) The Nonskeletal Effects of Vitamin D: An Endocrine Society Scientific Statement. Endocrine Reviews, 33, 456-492.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/er.2012-1000
[20] Elamin, M.B., Abu Elnour, N.O., Elamin, K.B., Fatourechi, M.M., Alkatib, A.A., Almandoz, J.P., et al. (2011) Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 96, 1931-1942.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2011-0398
[21] Truesdell, D., Shin, H., Liu, P.Y. and Ilich, J.Z. (2011) Vitamin D Status and Framingham Risk Score in Overweight Postmenopausal Women. Journal of Women’s Health, 20, 1341-1348.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/jwh.2010.2599
[22] Wexler, L., Brundage, B., Crouse, J., Detrano, R., Fuster, V., Maddahi, J., Rumberger, J., Stanford, W., White, R. and Taubert, K. (1996) Coronary Artery Calcification: Pathophysiology, Epidemiology, Imaging Methods, and Clinical Implications: A Statement for Health Professionals from the American Heart Association. Circulation, 94, 1175-1192.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.94.5.1175
[23] Spiro, A. and Buttriss, J.L. (2014) Vitamin D: An Overview of Vitamin D Status and Intake in Europe. Nutrition Bulletin, 39, 322-350.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/nbu.12108
[24] Norman, A.W. (2008) From Vitamin D to Hormone D: Fundamentals of the Vitamin D Endocrine System Essential for Good Health. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 88, 491S-499S.
[25] Holick, M.F. and Chen, T.C. (2008) Vitamin D Deficiency: A Worldwide Problem with Health Consequences. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 87, 1080S-1086S.
[26] Kao, P.C., Shiesh, S.C. and Wu, T.J. (2006) Serum C-Reactive Protein as a Marker for Wellness Assessment. Annals of Clinical and Laboratory Science, 36, 163-169.
[27] USDA, Agricultural Research Service (2013) Nutrient Intakes Percent of Population 2 Years Old and over with Adequate Intakes Based on Average Requirement. Community Nutrition Mapping Project.
http://www.ars.usda.gov/services/docs.htm?docid=22808
[28] Calbiotech (2013) 25-OH Vitamin D ELISA.
http://www.calbiotech.com/component/dropfiles/?task=frontfile.download&id=577
[29] Anonymous (2014) CRP-Latex Agglutination Test—Inmesco GmbH, Germany.
http://www.inmesco.de/pdf/customer-support/rapid-latex-slide-test/inmesco-crp-latex-agglutination-test.pdf
[30] El-Hissi, J., Ahmed, A., Al-Masri, I., El-Sakka, M., Masad, A. and Najem, A. (2014) Dietary Magnesium Intake Related to C-Reactive Protein in Newly Diagnosed Coronary Heart Disease Patients at Middle Zone, Gaza Strip. A Hospital Based Study. Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 5, 601-611.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/pp.2014.57070
[31] Urden, L.D., Stacy, K.M. and Lough, M.E. (2002) Critical Care Nursing—Diagnosis and Management. 4th Edition, Mosby, St. Louis, 395-398.
[32] Idris, I., Deepa, R., Fernando, D.J. and Mohan, V. (2008) Relation between Age and Coronary Heart Disease Risk in Asian Indian Patients with Diabetes: A Cross-Sectional and Prospective Cohort Study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 81, 243-249.
[33] National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute, NHLBI (2011) Coronary Heart Disease Risk factors. National Institutes of Health: National Heart Lung and Blood Institute. http://www.nhlbi.nih.gov
[34] Amani, R. and Sharifi, N. (2012) Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. In: Gaze, D., Ed., The Cardi-ovascular System Physiology, Diagnostics and Clinical Implications, InTech, Winchester, 280-310.
[35] Jousilahti, P., Vartiainen, E., Tuomilehto, J. and Puska, P. (1999) Sex, Age, Cardiovascular Risk Factors, and Coronary Heart Disease. A Prospective Follow-Up Study of 14786 Middle-Aged Men and Women in Finland. Circulation, 99, 1165-1172.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.CIR.99.9.1165
[36] American Heart Association, AHA (2013) Coronary Artery Disease—Coronary Heart Disease. American Heart Association, Dallas.
http://www.heart.org/HEARTORG/Conditions/More/MyHeartandStrokeNews/Coronary-Artery-Disease---The-ABCs
-of-CAD_UCM_436416_Article.jsp
[37] World Heart Federation, WHF (2013) Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors. World Heart Federation, Geneva.
http://www.world-heart-federation.org/press/fact-sheets/cardiovascular-disease-risk-factors/
[38] Kent, S.T., Cushman, M., Howard, G., Judd, S.E., Crosson, W.L., Al-Hamdan, M.Z. and McClure, L.A. (2014) Sunlight Exposure and Cardiovascular Risk Factors in the REGARDS Study: A Cross-Sectional Split-Sample Analysis. BMC Neurology, 14, 133.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2377-14-133
[39] Di Angelantonio, E., Sarwar, N., Perry, P., Kaptoge, S., Ray, K.K., Thompson, A., et al. (2009) Emerging Risk Factors Collaboration Major Lipids, Apolipoproteins, and Risk of Vascular Disease. Journal of the American Medical Association, 302, 1993-2000.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1619
[40] Assmann, G., Schulte, H., von Eckardstein, A. and Huang, Y. (1996) High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol as a Predictor of Coronary Heart Disease Risk. The PROCAM Experience and Pathophysiological Implications for Reverse Cholesterol Transport. Atherosclerosis, 124, S11-S20.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9150(96)05852-2
[41] Sachdeva, A., Cannon, C.P., Deedwania, P.C., Labresh, K.A., Smith Jr., S.C., Dai, D., et al. (2009) Lipid Levels in Patients Hospitalized with Coronary Artery Disease: An Analysis of 136,905 Hospitalizations in Get with the Guidelines. American Heart Journal, 157, 111-117.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2008.08.010
[42] Heart Protection Study Collaborative Group MRC/BHF Heart Protection (2002) Study of Cholesterol Lowering with Simvastatin in 20,536 High-Risk Individuals: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial. The Lancet, 360, 7-22.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(02)09327-3
[43] Zittermann, A., Iodice, S., Pilz, S., Grant, W.B., Bagnardi, V. and Gandini, S. (2012) Vitamin D Deficiency and Mortality Risk in the General Population: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 95, 91-100.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.111.014779
[44] Lavie, C.J., Lee, J.H. and Milani, R.V. (2011) Vitamin D and Cardiovascular Disease: Will It Live Up to Its Hype? Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 58, 1547-1556.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jacc.2011.07.008
[45] Pilz, S., März, W., Wellnitz, B., Seelhorst, U., Fahrleitner-Pammer, A., Dimai, H.P., Boehm, B.O. and Dobnig, H. (2008) Association of Vitamin D Deficiency with Heart Failure and Sudden Cardiac Death in a Large Cross-Sectional Study of Patients Referred for Coronary Angiography. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 93, 3927-3935.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-0784
[46] Amer, M. and Qayyum, R. (2012) Relation between Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D and C-Reactive Protein in Asymptomatic Adults (From the Continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2001 to 2006). The American Journal of Cardiology, 109, 226-230.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjcard.2011.08.032
[47] Ashraf, A.P., Fisher, G., Alvarez, J., Dudenbostel, T., Calhoun, D.A., Szalai, A.J. and Gower, B.A. (2012) Associations of C-Reactive Protein to Indices of Vascular Health and the Influence of Serum 25(OH)D Status in Healthy Adults. Journal of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2012, 1-6.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/475975
[48] Michos, E.D., Streeten, E.A., Ryan, K.A., Rampersaud, E., Peyser, P.A., Bielak, L.F., et al. (2009) Serum 25-Hydroxy-vitamin D Levels Are Not Associated with Subclinical Vascular Disease or C-Reactive Protein in the Old Order Amish. Calcified Tissue International, 84, 195-202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00223-008-9209-3                  eww141229lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...
发表评论
阅读全文

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...
发表评论
阅读全文