跳至主要内容

Synoptic Analysis of Epidemiologic Evidence of Brain Cancer Risks from Mobile Communication

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52438#.VJi-jcCAM4

Author(s)
In the radio frequency (RF) range concern about long-term health risks from electromagnetic fields (EMF) is enhanced by contradictory results and conclusions from epidemiologic studies. A new approach of a synoptic analysis of all available data from epidemiological studies published since 2001 was performed. This approach provided new insight with regard to a potential link between mobile phone use and brain cancer. Two quite different data pools could be identified with numerous studies from one research group opposing all other studies. However, it could be shown that with the number of exposed cases both data pools exhibit a clear trend of risk estimates (odds ratios) towards the final result, namely a reduced cancer risk of OR = 0.8, though from either side of the zero-risk line. The analysis of potential long-term effects indicated by a dosedependence revealed diverging results with different dose metrics. Overall, the synoptic analysis supports reassuring rather than alarming conclusions on RF EMF health risks from mobile telecommunication.
Cite this paper
Leitgeb, N. (2014) Synoptic Analysis of Epidemiologic Evidence of Brain Cancer Risks from Mobile Communication. Journal of Electromagnetic Analysis and Applications, 6, 413-424. doi: 10.4236/jemaa.2014.614043
 

[1] IARC (2002) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 80. Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 1: Static and Extremely Low-Frequency (ELF) Electric and Magnetic Fields. IARC, Lyon.
[2] IARC (2011) IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 102. Non-Ionizing Radiation, Part 2: Radio Frequency (RF) Electromagnetic Fields. IARC, Lyon.
[3] ICNIRP (1998) Guidelines for Limiting Exposure to Time-Varying Electric, Magnetic and Electromagnetic Fields (Up to 300 GHz). Health Physics, 74, 494-522.
[4] EU (2013) Directive on the Minimum Health and Safety Requirements Regarding Exposure of Workers to the Risks Arising from Physical Agents (Electromagnetic Fields). Official Journal of the European Union, L179, 1-18.
[5] IEEE (2005) IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to Human Exposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields (Up to 300 GHz).
[6] Leitgeb, N. (2014) Childhood Leukemia Not Linked with ELF Magnetic Fields. Journal of Electric and Magnetic Analysis and Applications, 6, 174-183.
[7] Hardell, L. and Carlberg, M. (2013) Using the Hill Viewpoints from 1965 for Evaluating Strengths of Evidence of the Risk for Brain Tumors Associated with the Use of Mobile and Cordless Phones. Reviews on Environmental Health, 28, 97-106.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/reveh-2013-0006
[8] Hardell, L., Carlberg, M., Soderqvist, F. and Hansson Mild, K. (2013) Case-Control Study of the Association between Malignant Brain Tumors between 2007 and 2009 and Mobile and Cordless Phone Use. International Journal of Oncology, 43, 1833-1845.
[9] Hardell, L., Carlberg, M., Soderqvist, F. and Hansson Mild, K. (2013) Pooled Analysis on Acoustic Neuroma Diagnosed 1997-2003 and 2007-2009 and Use of Mobile and Cordless Phones. International Journal of Oncology, 43, 1036-1044.
[10] Carlberg, M., Hansson Mild, K. and Hardell, L. (2013) Use of Mobile Phones and Cordless Phones Is Associated with Increased Risk for Glioma and Acoustic Neuroma. Pathophysiology, 20, 85-110.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pathophys.2012.11.001
[11] Carlberg, M., Soderqvist, F., Hansson Mild, K. and Hardell, L. (2013) Meningioma Patients Diagnosed 2007-2009 and the Association with the Use of Mobile and Cordless Phones: A Case-Control Study. Environmental Health, 12, 60.
http://www.ehjournal.net/content/12/1/60
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1476-069X-12-60
[12] Hardell, L., Carlberg, M. and Hansson Mild, K. (2011) Pooled Analysis of Case-Control Studies on Malignant Brain Tumors and the Use of Mobile and Cordless Phones and Deceased Subjects. International Journal of Oncology, 38, 1465-1474.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3892/ijo.2011.947
[13] Hardell, L., Carlberg, M. and Hansson Mild, K. (2006) Pooled Analysis of Two Case-Control Studies on Use of Cellular and Cordless Telephones and the Risk for Malignant Brain Tumors Diagnosed in 1997-2003. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 79, 630-639.
[14] Hardell, L., Carlberg, M. and Hansson Mild, K. (2005) Use of Cellular Telephones and Brain Tumor Risk in Urban and Rural Areas. Occupational and Environmental Medicine, 62, 390-394.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oem.2004.017434
[15] Interphone Study Group (2011) Acoustic Neuroma Risk in Relation to Mobile Telephone Use: Results of the INTERPHONE International Case-Control Study. Cancer Epidemiology, 35, 453-464.
[16] Interphone Study Group (2010) Brain Tumor Risk in Relation to Mobile Telephone Use: Results of the INTERPHONE International Case-Control Study. International Journal of Epidemiology, 39, 675-694.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyq079
[17] Moon, I.S., Kim, B.G., Kim, J., Lee, J.D. and Lee, W.S. (2014) Association between Vestibular Schwannomas and Mobile Phone Use. Tumor Biology, 35, 581-587.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13277-013-1081-8
[18] Petterson, D., Mathiesen, T., Prochazka, M., Bergenheim, T., Florentzson, R., Harder, H., Nyberg, G., Siesjo, P. and Feychting, M. (2014) Long-Term Mobile Phone Use and Acoustic Neuroma Risk. Epidemiology, 25, 233-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0000000000000058
[19] Sato, Y., Akiba, S., Kubo, O. and Yamaguchi, N. (2011) A Case-Case Study of Mobile Phone Use and Acoustic Neuroma Risk in Japan. Bioelectromagnetics, 32, 85-93.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/bem.20616
[20] Swerdlow, A.J., Feychting, M., Green, A.C., Kheifets, L. and Savitz, D. (2011) Mobile Phones, Brain Tumors and the Interphone Study: Where Are We Now? Environmental Health Perspectives, 119, 1534-1538.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1103693
[21] Lahkola, A., Salminen, T., Raitanen, J., Heinavaara, S., Schoemaker, M.J., Christensen, C.H., Feychting, M., Hohansen, C., Klaeboe, L., Lonn, S., Swerdlow, A.J., Tynes, T. and Auvinen, A. (2008) Meningioma and Mobile Phone Use—A Collaborative Case-Control Study in Five North European Countries. International Journal of Epidemiology, 37, 1304-1313.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyn155
[22] Takebayashi, T., Varsier, N., Kikuchi, Y., Wake, K., Taki, M., Watanabe, S., Akiba, S. and Yamaguchi, N. (2008) Mobile Phone Use, Exposure to Radiofrequency Electromagnetic Field, and Brain Tumor: A Case-Control Study. British Journal of Cancer, 98, 652-659.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6604214
[23] Hours, M., Bernardt, M., Montestrucq, L., Arslan, M., Bergerer, A., Deltour, I. and Cardis, E. (2007) Cell Phones and Risk of Brain and Acoustic Nerve Tumors: The French INTERPHONE Case-Control Study. Epidemiol Public Health, 55, 321-332.
[24] Sadetzki, S., Chetrit, A., Jarus-Hakak, A., Cardis, E., Deutch, Y., Duvdevani, S., Zultan, A., Novikov, I., Freedman, L. and Wolf, M. (2007) Cellular Phone Use and Risk of Benign and Malignant Parotid Gland Tumors—A Nationwide Case-Control Study. American Journal of Epidemiology, 167, 457-467.
[25] Schlehofer, B., Schlaefer, K., Blettner, M., Berg, G., Bohler, E., Hetinger, I., Kunna-Grass, K., Wahrendorf, J. and Schuz, J. (2007) Environmental Risk Factors for Sporadic Acoustic Neuroma (Interphone Study Group Germany). European Journal of Cancer, 43, 1741-1747.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejca.2007.05.008
[26] Hepworth, S.J., Schoemaker, M.J., Muir, K.R., Swerdlow, A.J., van Tongeren, M.J. and McKinney, P.A. (2006) Mobile Phone Use and Risk of Glioma in Adults: Case-Control Study. British Medical Journal, 332, 883.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.38720.687975.55
[27] Klaeboe, L., Blaasaas, K.G. and Tynes, T. (2006) Use of Mobile Phones in Norway and Risk of Intracranial Tumors. European Journal of Cancer Prevention, 16, 158-164.
[28] Lahkola, A., Auvinen, A., Raitanen, J., Schoemaker, M.J., Christensen, H.C., Feychting, M., Johansen, C., Klaeboe, L., Lonn, S., Swerdlow, A.J., Tynes, T. and Salminen, T. (2006) Mobile Phones Use and Risk of Glioma in 5 North European Countries. International Journal of Cancer, 120, 1769-1775.
[29] Lonn, S., Ahlbom, A., Christensen, H.C., Johansen, C., Schuz, J., Edstrom, S., Henriksson, G., Lundgren, J., Wennerberg, J. and Feychting, M. (2006) Mobile Phone Use and Risk of Parotid Gland Tumor. American Journal of Epidemiology, 164, 637-643.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwj242
[30] Schuz, J., Bohler, E., Berg, G., Schlehofer, B., Hettinger, I., Schlaefer, K., Wahrendorf, J., Kunna-Grass, K. and Blettner, M. (2006) Cellular Phone, Cordless Phones and the Risk of Glioma and Meningioma (Interphone Study Group Germany). American Journal of Epidemiology, 163, 512-520.
[31] Lonn, S., Ahlbom, A., Hall, P. and Feychting, M. (2005) Long-Term Mobile Phone Use and Brain Tumor Risk. American Journal of Epidemiology, 161, 526-535.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwi091
[32] Schoemaker, M.J., Swerdlow, A.J., Ahlbom, A., Auvinen, A., Blaassas, K.G., Cardis, E., Christensen, H.C., Feychting, M., Hepworth, S.J., Johansen, C., Klaeboe, L., Lonn, S., McKinney, P.A., Muir, K., Raitanen, J., Salminen, T., Thomsen, J. and Tynes, T. (2005) Mobile Phone Use and Risk of Acoustic Neuroma: Results of the Interphone Case-Control Study in Five North European Countries. British Journal of Cancer, 93, 842-848.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/sj.bjc.6602764
[33] Lonn, S., Hall, P. and Feychting, M. (2004) Mobile Phone Use and the Risk of Acoustic Neuroma. Epidemiology, 15, 653-659.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.ede.0000142519.00772.bf
[34] Christensen, H.C., Schuz, J., Kosteljanetz, M., Paulsen, H.S., Thomsen, J. and Johansen, C. (2004) Cellular Telephone Use and Risk of Acoustic Neuroma. American Journal of Epidemiology, 159, 277-283.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/aje/kwh032
[35] Auvinen, A., Hietanen, M., Luukkonen, R. and Koskela, R.S. (2002) Brain Tumors and Salivary Gland Cancers among Cellular Telephone Users. Epidemiology, 13, 356-359.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00001648-200205000-00018
[36] Inskip, P.D., Tarone, R., Hatch, E., Wilcosky, T.C., Sjapiro, W.R., Selker, R.G., Fine, H.A., Black, P.M., Loeffler, J.S. and Kinet, M.S. (2001) Cellular Telephone Use and Brain Tumors. New England Journal of Medicine, 344, 79-86.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJM200101113440201
[37] Ahlbom, A., Feychting, M., Green, A., Kheifets, L., Savitz, D.A. and Swerdlow, A.J. (2009) Epidemiologic Evidence on Mobile Phone and Tumor Risk: A Review. Epidemiology, 20, 639-652.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181b0927d
[38] Kundi, M. (2009) The Controversy about a Possible Relationship between Mobile Phone Use and Cancer. Environmental Health Perspectives, 117, 316-324.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.11902                       eww141223lx

评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...