跳至主要内容

Loneliness of the Marginalized

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=49163#.VJJNC8nQrzE

Author(s)
This review article provides a bird’s eye view of several population groups that are marginalized, ostracized, and stigmatized. Those include the homeless, the physically disabled, and psychiatric patients, Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender (LGBTs), and those afflicted with Human immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) or with Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrom (AIDS). Their condition, how it leads to social isolation and loneliness, and its effects on them, their illness or condition, and their quality of life are described. Interestingly, while all experience loneliness, each group expresses and addresses it differently. Awareness of those unique expressions of loneliness could assist mental health workers in identifying, addressing, and helping the marginalized cope with loneliness.
Cite this paper
Rokach, A. (2014) Loneliness of the Marginalized. Open Journal of Depression, 3, 147-153. doi: 10.4236/ojd.2014.34018
 

[1] Bletzer, K. V. (2007). Identity and Resilience among Persons with HIV: A Rural African American Experience. Qualitative Health Research, 17, 162-175.
[2] Bradshaw, T., & Haddock, G. (1998). Is Befriending by Trained Volunteers of Value to People Suffering from Long-Term Mental Illness? Journal of Advanced Nursing, 27, 713-720.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2648.1998.00618.x
[3] Cacioppo, J. T., Hughs, M. E., Hawkley, L. C., & Thisted, R. A. (2006). Loneliness as a Specific Risk Factor for Depressive Symptoms: Cross Sectional and Longitudinal Analyses. Psychology and Aging, 21, 140-151. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0882-7974.21.1.140
[4] Chng, C. L.,Wong, F., Park, R., Edberg, M., & Lai, D. (2003). A Model for Understanding Sexual Health among Asian American/Pacific Islander Men Who Have Sex with Men (MSM) in the United States. AIDS Education and Prevention, 15, 21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.15.1.5.21.23611
[5] Corrigan, P. W., & Kleinlein, P. (2005). Impact of Mental Illness Stigma. In: P. W. Corrigan (Ed.), On the Stigma of Mental illness: Practical Strategies for Research and Social Change (pp. 186-199). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/10887-001
[6] Courtenay-Quirk, C., Wolitski, R. J., Parsons, J. T., & Gómez, C. A. (2006). Is HIV/AIDS Stigma Dividing the Gay Community? Perceptions of HIV-Positive Men Who Have Sex with Men. AIDS Education and Prevention, 18, 56-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/aeap.2006.18.1.56
[7] Dodds, C. (2006). HIV-Related Stigma in England: Experiences of Gay Men and Heterosexual African Migrants Living with HIV. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 16, 472-480.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/casp.895
[8] Duvdevany, I., & Arar, E. (2004) Leisure Activities, Friendships and Quality of Life of Persons with Intellectual Disability: Foster Homes vs. Community Residential Settings. International Journal of Rehabilitation Research, 27, 289-296. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004356-200412000-00006
[9] Earnshaw, V. A., & Kalichman, S. C. (2014). Stigma Experienced by People Living with HIV/AIDS. In P. Liamuttong (Ed.), Stigma, Discrimination and Living with HIV/AIDS: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (pp. 23-38). New York, NY: Springer. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1471-6712.2005.00364.x
[10] Erdner, A., Magnusson, A., Nystrom, M., & Lutz’en, K. (2005). Social and Existential Alienation Experienced by People with Long-Term Mental Illness. Scandinavian Journal of Caring Science, 19, 373-380.
[11] Farrington, A., & Robinson, W. P. (1999). Homelessness and Strategies of Identity Maintenance: A Participant Observation Study. Journal of Community and Applied Social Psychology, 9, 175-194.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(SICI)1099-1298(199905/06)9:3<175::AID-CASP497>3.0.CO;2-R
[12] Flowers, P., & Buston, K. (2001). “I Was Terrified of Being Different”: Exploring Gay Men’s Accounts of Growing-Up in a Heterosexist Society. Journal of Adolescence, 24, 51-65.
[13] Grossman, A. H., D’augelli, A. R., & O’connell, T. S. (2002). Being Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and 60 or Older in North America. Journal of Gay & Lesbian Social Services, 13, 23-40.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/J041v13n04_05
[14] Grov, C., Golub, S. A., Parsons, J. T., Brennan, M., & Karpiak, S. E. (2010). Loneliness and HIV-Related Stigma Explain Depression among Older HIV-Positive Adults. AIDS Care, 22, 630-639.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120903280901
[15] Hagan, J., & McCarthy, B. (1997). Mean Streets: Youth Crime and Homelessness. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511625497
[16] Hatzenbuehler, M. L., Nolen-Hoeksema, S., & Erickson, S. J. (2008). Minority Stress Predictors of HIV Risk Behavior, Substance Use, and Depressive Symptoms: Results from a Prospective Study of Bereaved Gay Men. Health Psychology, 27, 455-462.
[17] Hawkley, L. C., Thisted, R. A., Masi, C. M., & Cacioppo, J. T. (2010). Loneliness Predicts Increased Blood Pressure: 5-Year Cross-Lagged Analyses in Middle-Aged and Older Adults. Psychology and Aging, 25, 132-141. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/a0017805
[18] Heckman, B. D. (2006). Psychosocial Differences between Whites and African Americans Living with HIV/AIDS in Rural Areas of 13 US States. The Journal of Rural Health, 22, 131-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1748-0361.2006.00021.x
[19] Herek, G. (2014). HIV-Related Stigma. In P. W. Corrigan (Ed.), The Stigma of Disease and Disability: Understanding Causes and Overcoming Injustices (pp. 121-138). Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
[20] Herek, G. M., Saha, S., & Burack, J. (2013). Stigma and Psychological Distress in People with HIV/AIDS. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 35, 41-54.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01973533.2012.746606
[21] Hombs, M. E. (1994). American Homelessness. Santa Barbara, CA: Abc-Cilo.
[22] Jones, W. H., Rose, J., & Russell, D. (1990). Loneliness and Social Anxiety. In H. Leitenberg (Ed.), Handbook of Social and Evaluation Anxiety (pp. 247-266). New York, NY: Plenum.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4899-2504-6_9
[23] Kalichman, S. C., Simbayi, L. C., Cloete, A., Mthembu, P. P., Mkhonta, R. N., & Ginindza, T. (2009). Measuring AIDS Stigmas in People Living with HIV/AIDS: The Internalized AIDS-Related Stigma Scale. AIDS Care, 21, 87-93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120802032627
[24] Kelling, K. (1991). Older Homeless People in London. London: Age Concerns.
[25] Kennedy, P. (1999). Working with Physically Disabled People. In J. Marzillier, & J. Hall (Eds.), What Is Clinical Psychology (pp. 134-156). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
[26] Kidd, S. A. (2004). “The Walls Were Closing in and We Were Trapped”: A Qualitative Analysis of Street Youth Suicide. Youth and Society, 36, 30-55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118X03261435
[27] Kidd, S. A. (2006). Factors Precipitating Suicidality among Homeless Youth: A Quantitative Follow-Up. Youth and Society, 37, 393-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0044118X05282763
[28] Kidd, S. A. (2007). Youth Homelessness and Social Stigma. Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 36, 291-299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10964-006-9100-3
[29] Kitto, P. (1988). The Patient as Healer: How We Can Take Part in Our Own Recovery. In M. Kidel, & S. Rowe-Leete, (Eds.), The Meaning of Illness (pp. 109-119). New York, NY: Routledge.
[30] Korporaal, M., van Groenou, M. I. B., & van Tilburg, T. G. (2008). Effects of Own and Spousal Disability on Loneliness among Older Adults. Journal of Aging and Health, 20, 306-325.
[31] Kramer, B. J., & Barker, J. C. (1996). Homelessness among Older American Indians, Los Angeles, 1987-1989. Human Organization, 55, 396-408.
[32] Kuyper, L., & Fokkema, T. (2010). Loneliness among Older Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults: The Role of Minority Stress. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 39, 1171-1180.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-009-9513-7
[33] Lau, S., & Kong, C. K. (1999). The Acceptance of Lonely Others: Effects of Loneliness and Gender of the Target Person and Loneliness of the Perceiver. Journal of Social Psychology, 139, 229-241.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00224549909598377
[34] Layton, J. (2000). Homelessness: The Masking and Unmasking of a Crises. Toronto: Penguin Books.
[35] Lekas, H., Siegel, K., & Leider, J. (2011). Felt and Enacted Stigma among HIV/HCV-Coinfected Adults: The Impact of Stigma Layering. Qualitative Health Research, 21, 1205-1219.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732311405684
[36] Liamputtong, P. (2014). Stigma, Discrimination, and HIV/AIDS: An Introduction. In P. Liamuttong (Ed.), Stigma, Discrimination and Living with HIV/AIDS: A Cross-Cultural Perspective (pp.1-19). New York, NY: Springer.
[37] Link, B. G., & Phelan, J. C. (2001). Conceptualizing Stigma. Annual Review of Sociology, 27, 363-385.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.soc.27.1.363
[38] Lloyd-Cobb, P., & Dixon, D. R. (1995). A Preliminary Evaluation of the Effects of a Veterans’ Hospital Domiciliary Program for the Homeless Persons. Research on Social Work Practise, 5, 309-316.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104973159500500304
[39] Lupton, D., & Seymour, W. (2000). Technology, Selfhood and Physical Disability. Social Science and Medicine, 50, 1851-1862.
[40] Mak, W. W. S., Cheung, R. Y. M., Law, R. W., Woo, J., Li, P. C. K., & Chung, R. W. Y. (2007). Examining Attribution Model of Self-Stigma on Social Support and Psychological Well-Being among People with HIV+/AIDS. Social Science & Medicine, 64, 1549-1559.
[41] Martin, J. I., & D’augelli, A. R. (2003). How Lonely Are Gay and Lesbian Youth? Psychological Reports, 93, 486. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2003.93.2.486
[42] Martin, J. I., & Knox, J. (1997). Loneliness and Sexual Risk Behaviour in Gay Men. Psychological Reports, 81, 815-825. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1997.81.3.815
[43] Mayers, A. M., Naples, N. A., & Nilsen, R. D. (2005). Existential Issues and Coping: A Qualitative Study of Low-Income Women with HIV. Psychology & Health, 20, 93-113.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870440410001722949
[44] McWhirter, B. T. (1990). Loneliness: A Review of Current Literature, with Implications for Counselling and Research. Journal of Counselling and Development, 68, 417-423.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1556-6676.1990.tb02521.x
[45] Miles, M. S., Isler, M. R., Banks, B. B., Sengupta, S., & Corbie-Smith, G. (2011). Silent Endurance and Profound Loneliness: Socioemotional Suffering in African Americans Living with HIV in the Rural South. Qualitative Health Research, 21, 489-501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1049732310387935
[46] Ndinda, C., Uzodike, U. O., Chimbwete, C., & Pool, R. (2007). Gender Relations in the Context of HIV/AIDS in Rural South Africa. AIDS Care, 19, 844-849.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540120701203923
[47] Ornish, D. (1998). Love & Survival: The Scientific Basis for the Healing Power of Intimacy. New York, NY: Harper Collins.
[48] Ottati, V., Bodenhausen, G. V., & Newman, L. S. (2005). Social Psychological Models of Mental Illness Stigma. In P. W. Corrigan (Ed.), On the Stigma of Mental Illness: Practical Strategies for Research and Social Change. Washington DC: American Psychological Association.
[49] Palmer, A. K., Duncan, K. C., Ayalew, B., Zhang, W., Tzemis, D., Lima, V., Montaner, J., & Hogg, R. S. (2011). “The Way I See It”: The Effect of Stigma and Depression on Self-Perceived Body Image among HIV-Positive Individuals on Treatment in British Columbia, Canada. AIDS Care, 23, 1456-1466.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2011.565021
[50] Phillips, M. J. (1990). Damaged Goods: Oral Narratives of Disability on American Culture. Social Science & Medicine, 30, 849-957.
[51] Ritsher, J. B., & Phelan, J. C. (2004). Internalized Stigma Predicts Erosion of Morale among Psychiatric Outpatients. Psychiatry Research, 129, 257-265. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psychres.2004.08.003
[52] Rokach, A. & Sha’ked, A. (2013). Together and Lonely: Loneliness in Intimate Relationships—Causes and Coping. New York, NY: Nova Publishers.
[53] Rokach, A. (2005). Homeless Youth: Coping with Loneliness. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 12, 91-105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02673843.2005.9747945
[54] Rokach, A. (2009). How Do People with Psychological Disorders Cope with Loneliness. Psychology Journal, 6, 197-212.
[55] Rokach, A., Lechier-Kimel, R., & Safarov, A. (2006). Loneliness of People with Physical Disabilities. Social Behavior and Personality: An International Journal, 34, 681-699.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
[56] Russell, D. (1996). UCLA Loneliness Scale (Version 3): Reliability, Validity, and Factor Structure. Journal of Personality Assessment, 66, 20-40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327752jpa6601_2
[57] Stanfeld, S. (1999). Social Support and Social Cohesion. In M. Marmot, & R. Wilkinson (Eds.), Social Determinants of Health (pp. 155-178). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[58] Stutterheim, S. E., Bos, A. E. R., Shiripinda, I., de Bruin, M., Pryor, J. B., & Schaalma, H. P. (2012). HIV-Related Stigma in African and Afro-Caribbean Communities in the Netherlands: Manifestations, Consequences and Coping. Psychology & Health, 27, 395-411.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/08870446.2011.585426
[59] Sumerlin, J. R. (1995). Adaptation to Homelessness: Self-Actualization, Loneliness, and Depression in Street Homeless Men. Psychological Reports, 77, 295-314.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.1995.77.1.295
[60] Thornicroft, G. (2006). Shunned: Discrimination against People with Mental Illness. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[61] Tondo, L., Baldessarini, R. J., Hennen, J., Minnai, G. P., Salis, P., Scamonatti, L., Masia, M., Ghiani, C., & Mannu, P. (1999). Suicide Attempts in Major Affective Disorder Patients with Comorbid Substance Use Disorders. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 60, 113-116.
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10073390
[62] Van Tilburg, T. G., & van Groenou, M. I. B. (2002). Network and Health Changes among Older Dutch Adults. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 697-713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00041
[63] Varni, S. E., Miller, C. T., McCuin, T., & Solomon, S. (2012). Disengagement and Engagement Coping with HIV/AIDS Stigma and Psychological Well-Being of People with HIV/AIDS. Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology, 31, 123-150. http://dx.doi.org/10.1521/jscp.2012.31.2.123
[64] Whetten-Goldstein, K. (2013). You’re the First One I’ve Told: The Faces of HIV in the Deep South (2nd ed.). Piscataway, NJ: Rutgers University Press.
[65] Zamboni, B. D., & Crawford, I. (2007). Minority Stress and Sexual Problems among African-American Gay and Bisexual Men. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 36, 569-578.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10508-006-9081-z                   eww141218lx

评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...