跳至主要内容

Deciding to Urban-Migrate and Agricultural Development: Evidence from the Millennium Challenge Account (MCC)-Millennium Development Authority (MiDA) Intervention Zones, Ghana

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52204#.VIj7sMnQrzE

The decision to migrate involves both “push” and “pull” factors. Push factors forces migrants out of rural areas while pull factors attracts rural folks to the urban areas. The information set which displays the realities on the ground, if positive will motivate a potential migrant to move to an urban area and vice versa. Movement of labour for agriculture in the rural areas decreases resources needed to help promote the needed growth in the sector. With a sample size of 46,110 household members from two batches (about 3000 farmers/households for each batch) of selected farmers who enjoyed agricultural interventions (technology), a probit model is estimated to find the factors that influence the decision to urban-migrate. In particular we discuss the question of whether the MiDA intervention through the training of farmers on various techniques/technologies to be more productive, has had an impact on farmers’ as well as their household members’ decision to urban-migrate. Generally, household, Farmer Based Organization and individual characteristics were considered in the model. We find that, farmers and their household members in the Southern Horticultural belt were less likely to migrate while those in the Northern Agricultural Zone were more likely to migrate to the urban area. Education, households with returned migrants, and remittances were positive in influencing the decision to urban-migrate. On the other hand, being self-employed and being married reduces the probability that an individual will migrate. Generally, the differential economic opportunities through the relative increased knowledge in the urban areas remain a pull factor of labour resources of the undeveloped rural agricultural sector. Bridging the gap between the expected income differential of rural and urban areas resulting from differences in knowledge and opportunities will be the key to reducing this phenomenon as suggested by [4] and many other studies.
Cite this paper
Mochiah, E. , Osei, R. and Akoto, I. (2014) Deciding to Urban-Migrate and Agricultural Development: Evidence from the Millennium Challenge Account (MCC)-Millennium Development Authority (MiDA) Intervention Zones, Ghana. Modern Economy, 5, 1187-1207. doi: 10.4236/me.2014.513111. 
 


[1] Lewis, W.A. (1954) Economic Development with Unlimited Supply of Labour. The Manchester School, 22, 139-191.http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9957.1954.tb00021.x
[2] Fei, J.C.H. and Ranis, G. (1961) A Theory of Economic Development. The American Economic Review, 51, 533-565.
[3] Todaro, M. (1969) A Model of Labour Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries. The American Economic Review, 59, 138-148.
[4] Harris, J.R. and Todaro, M.P. (1970) Migration, Unemployment and Development: A Two-Sector Analysis. American Economic Review, 60, 126-142.
[5] Moyosola, O.A. (2007) Rural-Urban Migration and Productivity in Nigerian Agricultural Sector. MA Thesis, Simon Fraser University, Bumaby.
[6] Gugler, J. and Flanagan, W.G. (1978) Urbanization and Social Change in West Africa. Cambridge University Press, New York.
[7] Fields, G.S. (1979) Place-to-Place Migration: Some New Evidence. The Review of Econometrics & Statistics, 61, 21- 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1924827
[8] Kelly, A.C. and Williamson, J.G. (1984) What Drives Third World City Growth? A Dynamic General Equilibrium Approach. The Princeton University Press, New York.
[9] Corden, W.M. and Findlay, R. (1975) Urban Unemployment Inter-Sectoral Capital Mobility and Development Policy. Economica, 42, 59-78. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2552986
[10] Brigg, P. (1973) Some Economic Interpretations of Case Studies of Urban Migration in Developing Countries. World Bank Staff Working Paper. World Bank, Washington DC.
http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/1973/03/1555285/some-economic-interpretations-case-studies-urban-migration-developing-countries
[11] Connell, J., Dasgupta, B., Laishly, R. and Lipton, M. (1977) Migration from Rural Areas: Evidence from Village Studies. Oxford University Press, New Delhi.
[12] Baril, R., Joel, G. and Rulx-Leonel, J. (1986) Exodus as a Strategy of Survival: The Case of Rural Haiti. Environmental Caraibe, 2, 69-104.
[13] Dewi, A. (2006) Dream Seekers: Indonesian Women as Domestic Workers in Asia. Equinox Publishing, Jakarta.
[14] Parrenas, R.S. (2001) Servants of Globalization: Women, Migration, and Domestic Work, Stanford California. Stanford University Press, Stanford.
[15] Malsiri, D. (1989) Female Overseas Contract Workers: Sri Lanka. In: Trade in Domestic Helpers: Causes, Mechanisms, and Consequences, Asian and Pacific Development Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 207-234.
[16] Lim, L.L. (1990) The Status of Women and International Migration. In: International Migration Policies and the Status of Female Migrants, Proceedings of the Expert Group Meeting on International Migration Policies and the Status of Female Migrants, San Miniato, 28-31 March 1990, United Nations, New York, 29-55.
[17] Paz-Cruz, V., Paganoni, A., et al. (1989) Filipinas in Migration: Big Bills and Small Change. Scalabrini Migration Center, Manila.
[18] Asia Pacific Mission for Migrant Filipinos (2001) Case Study of the Development of Filipino Migrants’ Movement in Some Selected Countries in the Asia Pacific and Middle East Regions. Submitted to Asia Pacific Women Law and Development Task Force on Labor and Migration, 8.
[19] Stark, O. and Lucas, R.E.B. (1998) Migration, Remittances and the Family. Economic Development and Cultural Change, 36, 465-481. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/451670
[20] Stark, O. and Taylor, J.E. (1991) Migration Incentives, Migration Types: The Role of Relative Deprivation. The Economic Journal, 101, 1163-1178. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2234433
[21] Massey, D.S., Jorge, D. and Nolan, J.M. (2002) Beyond Smoke and Mirrors: Mexican Immigration in an Era of Economic Integration. Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
[22] Mariano, S. and Massey, D.S. (2005) Household Composition, Family Migration, and Community Context: Migrant Remittances in Four Countries. Social Science Quarterly, 86, 509-528.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0038-4941.2005.00315.x
[23] Goldring, L. (2004) Family and Collective Remittances to Mexico: A Multi-Dimensional Typology. Development and Change, 35, 799-840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.0012-155X.2004.00380.x
[24] Kritz, M.M., Lim L.L. and Zlotnik, H. (1992) International Migration Systems: A Global Approach. Clarendon Press, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
[25] Lindstrom, D.P. (1996) Economic Opportunity in Mexico and Return Migration from the United States. Demography, 33, 357-374. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2061767
[26] Taylor, M.J., Michelle, J.M. and Debra, R.R. (2006) Land, Ethnic and Gender Change: Transnational Migration and Its Effects on Guatemalan Lives and Landscapes. Geoforum, 37, 41-61.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2004.12.002
[27] Taylor, J.E. (1992) Remittances and Inequality Reconsidered: Direct, Indirect, and Intertemporal Effects. Journal of Policy Modeling, 14, 187-208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0161-8938(92)90008-Z
[28] Caridad, T. (1989) Filipina Maids in Malaysia. In: Trade in Domestic Helpers: Causes, Mechanisms, and Consequences, Asian and Pacific Development Centre, Kuala Lumpur, 272-286.
[29] Gaffar, Z.H. (2008) Deciding to Migrate: Factors, Influences, and Processes in the Experiences of Indonesian Women who Migrate to Malaysia as Domestic Workers. Intersections: Gender and Sexuality in Asia and the Pacific, 17, 1-11.
[30] Arizpe, L. (1981) Relay Migration and the Survival of the Peasant Household. In: Balan, J., Ed., Why People Move: Comparative Perspectives on the Dynamics of Internal Migration, Unesco Press, Paris, 187-210.
[31] Frank, E. (1990) Migration of Sri Lankan Women to Western Asia. In: International Migration Policies and the Status of Female Migrants, Proceedings of the Expert Group Meeting on International Migration Policies and the Status of Female Migrants, San Miniato, 28-31 March 1990, United Nations, New York, 267-277.                               eww141211lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

A Comparison of Methods Used to Determine the Oleic/Linoleic Acid Ratio in Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and food crop. It is also a cheap source of protein, a good source of essential vitamins and minerals, and a component of many food products. The fatty acid composition of peanuts has become increasingly important with the realization that oleic acid content significantly affects the development of rancidity. And oil content of peanuts significantly affects flavor and shelf-life. Early generation screening of breeding lines for high oleic acid content greatly increases the efficiency of developing new peanut varieties. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of methods used to classify individual peanut seed as high oleic or not high oleic. Three hundred and seventy-four (374) seeds, spanning twenty-three (23) genotypes varying in oil composition (i.e. high oleic (H) or normal/not high oleic (NH) inclusive of all four peanut market-types (runner, Spanish, Valencia and Virginia), were individually tested ...
发表评论
阅读全文

Location Optimization of a Coal Power Plant to Balance Costs against Plant’s Emission Exposure

Fuel and its delivery cost comprise the biggest expense in coal power plant operations. Delivery of electricity from generation to consumers requires investment in power lines and transmission grids. Placing a coal power plant or multiple power plants near dense population centers can lower transmission costs. If a coalmine is nearby, transportation costs can also be reduced. However, emissions from coal plants play a key role in worsening health crises in many countries. And coal upon combustion produces CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , CO, Metallic and Particle Matter (PM10 & PM2.5). The presence of these chemical compounds in the atmosphere in close vicinity to humans, livestock, and agriculture carries detrimental health consequences. The goal of the research was to develop a methodology to minimize the public’s exposure to harmful emissions from coal power plants while maintaining minimal operational costs related to electric distribution losses and coal logistics. The objective was...
发表评论
阅读全文

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Continuous Use of a Home-Use High-Frequency Facial Treatment Appliance

At present, many home-use beauty devices are available in the market. In particular, many products developed for facial treatment use light, e.g., a flash lamp or a light-emitting diode (LED). In this study, the safety of 4 weeks’ continuous use of NEWA TM , a high-frequency facial treatment appliance, every alternate day at home was verified, and its efficacy was evaluated in Japanese individuals with healthy skin aged 30 years or older who complained of sagging of the facial skin.  Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), melanin levels, erythema levels, sebum secretion levels, skin color changes and wrinkle improvement in the facial skin were measured before the appliance began to be used (study baseline), at 2 and 4 weeks after it had begun to be used, and at 2 weeks after completion of the 4-week treatment period (6 weeks from the study baseline). In addition, data obtained by subjective evaluation by the subjects themselves on a visual analog scale (VAS) were also analyzed. Fur...
发表评论
阅读全文