跳至主要内容

Current City Problems in Beijing: Discussion of PM2.5 Related Toxic Air Pollution

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52465#.VJjOocCAM4

Author(s) 
Recent reports show that an estimated one-fifth of the world’s population is suffering from toxic air pollution (Qu, 2013; Liu, 2013; Zhou et al., 2013). This is especially evident in China, where PM2.5 covers one-seventh of China’s total territory. In order to combat this disaster, three aspects will be included in this paper to analyze Beijing’s air pollution management through a scientific and philosophical lens for the future human health in China. The first is to address the dangers of PM2.5 to urban environment and city human health. The second approach is to discuss the causing factors of PM2.5 in Beijing, such as coal burning, untreated industrial and vehicular emissions, and urban construction waste. The third step is to state the short and long term effective measures of toxic air pollution of PM2.5 management in big cities of developing countries. Short term recommended plans stop unnecessary urban construction, reduce outdoor exposure, impose a heavy tax, and collect congestion pricing at peak hours. Long term recommended plans promote the coal gasification process, install smoke emission units, improve public transportation, and support clean energy, such as hydropower, wind power, and solar energy. Since current measures are ineffective, taken as a whole, these approaches will be presented to guide local residents, planners, and governors in developing countries to deal with the toxic air pollution for future healthy city management.
Cite this paper
Zhu, D. and Kung, M. (2014) Current City Problems in Beijing: Discussion of PM2.5 Related Toxic Air Pollution. Current Urban Studies, 2, 315-322. doi: 10.4236/cus.2014.24030. 
 

[1] Bergin, M. H., Cass, G. R., Xu, J., Fang, C., Zeng, L. M., Yu, T. et al. (2001). Aerosol Radiative, Physical, and Chemical Properties in Beijing during June 1999. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 17969-17980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900073
[2] Chan, C. K., & Yao, X. (2008). Air Pollution in Mega Cities in China. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 1-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003
[3] Chan, Y. C., & Simpson, R. W. (1997). Characterization of Chemical Species in PM2.5 and PM10 Aerosols in Brisbane, Australia. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 3773-3785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00213-6
[4] China Centre for Resources Satellite Data (2014). http://cresda.spacechina.com/n16/n92006/index.html
[5] China Clean Air Policy (2013). China Clean Air Policy Briefings “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” on Air Pollution Prevention and Control In Key Regions-English Translation, (1).
[6] Chueinta, W., & Hopke, P. K. (2000). Investigation of Sources of Atmospheric Aerosol at Urban and Suburban Residential Areas in Thailand by Positive Matrix Factorization. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 3319-3329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00433-1
[7] EIA (2013). China Consumes Nearly as Much Coal as the Rest of the World Combined. Retrieved from US Energy Information Administration: http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=9751
[8] EPA, U. (2014). http://www.epa.gov/airquality/particlepollution/graphics/pm2_5_graphic_lg.jpg
[9] EPA, U. (2014). AirNow. http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi
[10] EPA (2013). Particulate Matter. Retrieved from United States Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/airquality/particlepollution/
[11] Freitas, M. D. C., Reis, M. A., Alves, L. C. et al. (1995). Monitoring of Trace Element Air Pollution. Applied Research on Air Pollution Using Nuclear-Related Analytical Techniques (Report on the Second Research Co-Ordination Meeting, Menai, 27-31 March 1995), Report NAHRES-26, IAEA, Vienna, 14-1-14-12.
[12] Harrison, R. M., Smith, D. J. T., Pio, C. A. et al. (1997). Comparative Receptor Modeling Study of Airborne Particulate Pollutants in Birmingham (United Kingdom), Coimbra (Portugal), and Lahore (Pakistan). Atmospheric Environment, 31, 3309-3321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00152-0
[13] He, K., Yang, F., Ma, Y., Zhang, Q., & Yao, X. (2001). The Characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 4959-4970. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231001003016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00301-6
[14] Jiang, P., Chen, Y., Geng, Y., Dong, W., Xue, B., Xu, B. et al. (2013). Analysis of the Co-Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation and Air Pollution Reduction in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 58, 130-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.042
[15] Liu, F., Klimont, Z., Zhang, Q., Cofala, J., Zhao, L., Huo, H. et al. (2013). Integrating Mitigation of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases in Chinese Cities: Development of GAINS-City Model for Beijing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 58, 25-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.03.024
[16] Maenhaut, W., Francois, F., Cafmeyer, J. et al. (1995). Atmospheric Aerosol Studies Using the Gent Stacked Filter Unit and Other Aerosol Collectors, with Multi Elemental Analysis of the Samples by Nuclear-Related Analytical Techniques. Applied Research on Air Pollution Using Nuclear-Related Analytical Techniques (Report on the Second Research Co-Ordination Meeting, Menai, 27-31 March 1995), Report NAHRES-26, IAEA, Vienna, 4-1-41-9.
[17] Pan, X. (2010). Study on the Health Effects of Air Pollution in Beijing. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 67, 147-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207231003687755
[18] Qu, Z. (2013). Source Appointment of PM2.5 in Urban Atmospheric Environment. Environmental Science, 21, 37-45.
[19] Sierra-Vargas, M. P., & Teran, L. M. (2012). Air Pollution: Impact and Prevention. Respirology, 17, 1031-1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02213.x
[20] Song, Y., Tang, X., Xie, S., Zhang, Y., Wei, Y., Zhang, M. et al. (2007). Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing in 2004. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 146, 124-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.11.058
[21] Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Xie, S., Zeng, L., Zheng, M., Salmon, L. G. et al. (2006). Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing by Positive Matrix Factorization. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 1526-1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.039
[22] Tian, M. (2013). Beijing and Tianjin Regional Haze Pollution Study. Environmental Science and Technology, Beijing Chemistry University, 31, 109-117.
[23] Wang, J. F., Hu, M. G., Xu, C. D., Christakos, G., & Zhao, Y. (2013). Estimation of Citywide Air Pollution in Beijing. PloS ONE, 8, e53400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053400
[24] Wang, Y., Zhuang, G., Tang, A., Yuan, H., Sun, Y., Chen, S., & Zheng, A. (2005). The Ion Chemistry and the Source of PM2.5 Aerosol in Beijing. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3771-3784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.013
[25] Xie, Y. B., Chen, J., & Li, K. (2014). Analysis of Health Effect of PM2.5 in Beijing. Environmental Science, 37, 129-141.
[26] Xinhua (2013). China Environmental Administration. http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2013-01/24/content_27780266.htm
[27] Xu, J., Ding, A. G., Yan, P., Wang, S. F., Meng, Z. Y., Zhang, Y. M. et al. (2007). Componential Characteristics and Sources Identification of PM2.5 in Beijing. Geology Journals, 11, 16-27.           eww141223lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

A Comparison of Methods Used to Determine the Oleic/Linoleic Acid Ratio in Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and food crop. It is also a cheap source of protein, a good source of essential vitamins and minerals, and a component of many food products. The fatty acid composition of peanuts has become increasingly important with the realization that oleic acid content significantly affects the development of rancidity. And oil content of peanuts significantly affects flavor and shelf-life. Early generation screening of breeding lines for high oleic acid content greatly increases the efficiency of developing new peanut varieties. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of methods used to classify individual peanut seed as high oleic or not high oleic. Three hundred and seventy-four (374) seeds, spanning twenty-three (23) genotypes varying in oil composition (i.e. high oleic (H) or normal/not high oleic (NH) inclusive of all four peanut market-types (runner, Spanish, Valencia and Virginia), were individually tested ...
发表评论
阅读全文

Location Optimization of a Coal Power Plant to Balance Costs against Plant’s Emission Exposure

Fuel and its delivery cost comprise the biggest expense in coal power plant operations. Delivery of electricity from generation to consumers requires investment in power lines and transmission grids. Placing a coal power plant or multiple power plants near dense population centers can lower transmission costs. If a coalmine is nearby, transportation costs can also be reduced. However, emissions from coal plants play a key role in worsening health crises in many countries. And coal upon combustion produces CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , CO, Metallic and Particle Matter (PM10 & PM2.5). The presence of these chemical compounds in the atmosphere in close vicinity to humans, livestock, and agriculture carries detrimental health consequences. The goal of the research was to develop a methodology to minimize the public’s exposure to harmful emissions from coal power plants while maintaining minimal operational costs related to electric distribution losses and coal logistics. The objective was...
发表评论
阅读全文

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Continuous Use of a Home-Use High-Frequency Facial Treatment Appliance

At present, many home-use beauty devices are available in the market. In particular, many products developed for facial treatment use light, e.g., a flash lamp or a light-emitting diode (LED). In this study, the safety of 4 weeks’ continuous use of NEWA TM , a high-frequency facial treatment appliance, every alternate day at home was verified, and its efficacy was evaluated in Japanese individuals with healthy skin aged 30 years or older who complained of sagging of the facial skin.  Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), melanin levels, erythema levels, sebum secretion levels, skin color changes and wrinkle improvement in the facial skin were measured before the appliance began to be used (study baseline), at 2 and 4 weeks after it had begun to be used, and at 2 weeks after completion of the 4-week treatment period (6 weeks from the study baseline). In addition, data obtained by subjective evaluation by the subjects themselves on a visual analog scale (VAS) were also analyzed. Fur...
发表评论
阅读全文