跳至主要内容

Current City Problems in Beijing: Discussion of PM2.5 Related Toxic Air Pollution

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=52465#.VJjOocCAM4

Author(s) 
Recent reports show that an estimated one-fifth of the world’s population is suffering from toxic air pollution (Qu, 2013; Liu, 2013; Zhou et al., 2013). This is especially evident in China, where PM2.5 covers one-seventh of China’s total territory. In order to combat this disaster, three aspects will be included in this paper to analyze Beijing’s air pollution management through a scientific and philosophical lens for the future human health in China. The first is to address the dangers of PM2.5 to urban environment and city human health. The second approach is to discuss the causing factors of PM2.5 in Beijing, such as coal burning, untreated industrial and vehicular emissions, and urban construction waste. The third step is to state the short and long term effective measures of toxic air pollution of PM2.5 management in big cities of developing countries. Short term recommended plans stop unnecessary urban construction, reduce outdoor exposure, impose a heavy tax, and collect congestion pricing at peak hours. Long term recommended plans promote the coal gasification process, install smoke emission units, improve public transportation, and support clean energy, such as hydropower, wind power, and solar energy. Since current measures are ineffective, taken as a whole, these approaches will be presented to guide local residents, planners, and governors in developing countries to deal with the toxic air pollution for future healthy city management.
Cite this paper
Zhu, D. and Kung, M. (2014) Current City Problems in Beijing: Discussion of PM2.5 Related Toxic Air Pollution. Current Urban Studies, 2, 315-322. doi: 10.4236/cus.2014.24030. 
 

[1] Bergin, M. H., Cass, G. R., Xu, J., Fang, C., Zeng, L. M., Yu, T. et al. (2001). Aerosol Radiative, Physical, and Chemical Properties in Beijing during June 1999. Journal of Geophysical Research, 106, 17969-17980. http://dx.doi.org/10.1029/2001JD900073
[2] Chan, C. K., & Yao, X. (2008). Air Pollution in Mega Cities in China. Atmospheric Environment, 42, 1-42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2007.09.003
[3] Chan, Y. C., & Simpson, R. W. (1997). Characterization of Chemical Species in PM2.5 and PM10 Aerosols in Brisbane, Australia. Atmospheric Environment, 31, 3773-3785. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00213-6
[4] China Centre for Resources Satellite Data (2014). http://cresda.spacechina.com/n16/n92006/index.html
[5] China Clean Air Policy (2013). China Clean Air Policy Briefings “Twelfth Five-Year Plan” on Air Pollution Prevention and Control In Key Regions-English Translation, (1).
[6] Chueinta, W., & Hopke, P. K. (2000). Investigation of Sources of Atmospheric Aerosol at Urban and Suburban Residential Areas in Thailand by Positive Matrix Factorization. Atmospheric Environment, 34, 3319-3329. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00433-1
[7] EIA (2013). China Consumes Nearly as Much Coal as the Rest of the World Combined. Retrieved from US Energy Information Administration: http://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.cfm?id=9751
[8] EPA, U. (2014). http://www.epa.gov/airquality/particlepollution/graphics/pm2_5_graphic_lg.jpg
[9] EPA, U. (2014). AirNow. http://airnow.gov/index.cfm?action=aqibasics.aqi
[10] EPA (2013). Particulate Matter. Retrieved from United States Environmental Protection Agency: http://www.epa.gov/airquality/particlepollution/
[11] Freitas, M. D. C., Reis, M. A., Alves, L. C. et al. (1995). Monitoring of Trace Element Air Pollution. Applied Research on Air Pollution Using Nuclear-Related Analytical Techniques (Report on the Second Research Co-Ordination Meeting, Menai, 27-31 March 1995), Report NAHRES-26, IAEA, Vienna, 14-1-14-12.
[12] Harrison, R. M., Smith, D. J. T., Pio, C. A. et al. (1997). Comparative Receptor Modeling Study of Airborne Particulate Pollutants in Birmingham (United Kingdom), Coimbra (Portugal), and Lahore (Pakistan). Atmospheric Environment, 31, 3309-3321. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(97)00152-0
[13] He, K., Yang, F., Ma, Y., Zhang, Q., & Yao, X. (2001). The Characteristics of PM2.5 in Beijing, China. Atmospheric Environment, 35, 4959-4970. http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1352231001003016 http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1352-2310(01)00301-6
[14] Jiang, P., Chen, Y., Geng, Y., Dong, W., Xue, B., Xu, B. et al. (2013). Analysis of the Co-Benefits of Climate Change Mitigation and Air Pollution Reduction in China. Journal of Cleaner Production, 58, 130-137. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.07.042
[15] Liu, F., Klimont, Z., Zhang, Q., Cofala, J., Zhao, L., Huo, H. et al. (2013). Integrating Mitigation of Air Pollutants and Greenhouse Gases in Chinese Cities: Development of GAINS-City Model for Beijing. Journal of Cleaner Production, 58, 25-33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2013.03.024
[16] Maenhaut, W., Francois, F., Cafmeyer, J. et al. (1995). Atmospheric Aerosol Studies Using the Gent Stacked Filter Unit and Other Aerosol Collectors, with Multi Elemental Analysis of the Samples by Nuclear-Related Analytical Techniques. Applied Research on Air Pollution Using Nuclear-Related Analytical Techniques (Report on the Second Research Co-Ordination Meeting, Menai, 27-31 March 1995), Report NAHRES-26, IAEA, Vienna, 4-1-41-9.
[17] Pan, X. (2010). Study on the Health Effects of Air Pollution in Beijing. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 67, 147-154. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00207231003687755
[18] Qu, Z. (2013). Source Appointment of PM2.5 in Urban Atmospheric Environment. Environmental Science, 21, 37-45.
[19] Sierra-Vargas, M. P., & Teran, L. M. (2012). Air Pollution: Impact and Prevention. Respirology, 17, 1031-1038. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1440-1843.2012.02213.x
[20] Song, Y., Tang, X., Xie, S., Zhang, Y., Wei, Y., Zhang, M. et al. (2007). Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing in 2004. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 146, 124-130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2006.11.058
[21] Song, Y., Zhang, Y., Xie, S., Zeng, L., Zheng, M., Salmon, L. G. et al. (2006). Source Apportionment of PM2.5 in Beijing by Positive Matrix Factorization. Atmospheric Environment, 40, 1526-1537. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.10.039
[22] Tian, M. (2013). Beijing and Tianjin Regional Haze Pollution Study. Environmental Science and Technology, Beijing Chemistry University, 31, 109-117.
[23] Wang, J. F., Hu, M. G., Xu, C. D., Christakos, G., & Zhao, Y. (2013). Estimation of Citywide Air Pollution in Beijing. PloS ONE, 8, e53400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0053400
[24] Wang, Y., Zhuang, G., Tang, A., Yuan, H., Sun, Y., Chen, S., & Zheng, A. (2005). The Ion Chemistry and the Source of PM2.5 Aerosol in Beijing. Atmospheric Environment, 39, 3771-3784. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2005.03.013
[25] Xie, Y. B., Chen, J., & Li, K. (2014). Analysis of Health Effect of PM2.5 in Beijing. Environmental Science, 37, 129-141.
[26] Xinhua (2013). China Environmental Administration. http://www.china.org.cn/environment/2013-01/24/content_27780266.htm
[27] Xu, J., Ding, A. G., Yan, P., Wang, S. F., Meng, Z. Y., Zhang, Y. M. et al. (2007). Componential Characteristics and Sources Identification of PM2.5 in Beijing. Geology Journals, 11, 16-27.           eww141223lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...
发表评论
阅读全文

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...
发表评论
阅读全文