跳至主要内容

Statistical Analysis of Subsurface Diffusion of Solar Energy with Implications for Urban Heat Stress

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=47101#.VGGJSmfHRK0

Author(s)
Analysis of hourly underground temperature measurements at a medium-size (by population) US city as a function of depth and extending over 5+ years revealed a positive trend exceeding the rate of regional and global warming by an order of magnitude. Measurements at depths greater than ~2 m are unaffected by daily fluctuations and sense only seasonal variability. A comparable trend also emerged from the surface temperature record of the largest US city (New York). Power spectral analysis of deep and shallow subsurface temperature records showed respectively two kinds of power-law behavior: 1) a quasi-continuum of power amplitudes indicative of Brownian noise, superposed (in the shallow record) by 2) a discrete spectrum of diurnal harmonics attributable to the unequal heat flux between daylight and darkness. Spectral amplitudes of the deepest temperature time series (2.4 m) conformed to a log-hyperbolic distribution. Upon removal of seasonal variability from the temperature record, the resulting spectral amplitudes followed a log-exponential distribution. Dynamical analysis showed that relative amplitudes and phases of temperature records at different depths were in excellent accord with a 1-dimensional heat diffusion model.
Cite this paper
Silverman, M. (2014) Statistical Analysis of Subsurface Diffusion of Solar Energy with Implications for Urban Heat Stress. Journal of Modern Physics, 5, 751-762. doi: 10.4236/jmp.2014.59085.

[1] Tollefson, J. (2011) Nature News.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/news.2011.607
[2] Cook, J., et al. (2013) Environmental Research Letters, 8, Article ID: 024024.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/8/2/024024
[3] Rohde, R., et al. (2013) Geoinformatics & Geostatics: An Overview, 1, 1.
http://dx.doi.org/10.4172/2327-4581.1000101
[4] IPCC (2013) Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis.
http://www.climatechange2013.org/
[5] McMichael, A.J., Woodruff, R.E. and Hales, S. (2006) The Lancet, 367, 859-869.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(06)68079-3
[6] Hajat, S., Vardoulakis, S., Heaviside, C. and Eggen, B. (2014) Journal of Epidemiology & Community Health, 68, 641-648.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/jech-2013-202449
[7] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: Climate and Health Program.
http://www.cdc.gov/climateandhealth/effects/heat.htm
[8] Robine, J.-M., et al. (2008) Comptes Rendus Biologies, 331, 171-178.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.crvi.2007.12.001
[9] Stone Jr., B. (2007) International Journal of Climatology, 27, 1801-1807.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/joc.1555
[10] Union of Concerned Scientists (2006) Climate Change in the US Northeast. UCS Publications, Cambridge, MA, 10.
[11] Committee on America’s Climate Choices (2011) America’s Climate Choices. National Academy Press, Washington DC, 15.
[12] Silverman, M.P. (2014) A Certain Uncertainty: Nature’s Random Ways. Cambridge University Press (to be published), Cambridge.
[13] NYC Temperature Data.
http://weather-warehouse.com/
[14] Shannon, C. (1949) Proceedings of the IRE, 37, 10-21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/JRPROC.1949.232969
[15] Silverman, M.P., Strange, W., Bower, J. and Ikejimba, L. (2012) Physica Scripta, 85, Article ID: 065403.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-8949/85/06/065403
[16] Fieller, N.R.J., Flenley, E.C. and Olbricht, W. (1992) Applied Statistics, 41, 127-146.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2347623
[17] Bibby, B.M. and Sorensen, M. (1997) Finance and Stochastics, 1, 25-41.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s007800050015
[18] Barndorff-Nielsen, O. (1977) Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, 353, 401-419.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rspa.1977.0041
[19] Evett, S.R., et al. (2012) Advances in Water Resources, 50, 41-54.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.advwatres.2012.04.012
[20] Wu, J., et al. (2014) Environmental Health Perspectives, 122, 10-16.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1289/ehp.1306670
[21] Meehl, G. and Tebaldi, C. (2004) Science, 305, 994-997.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1098704
[22] Turcotte, D.L. (1997) Fractals and Chaos in Geology and Geophysics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 148-149.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9781139174695
[23] Hergarten, S. (2002) Self-Organized Criticality in Earth Systems. Springer, Heidelberg, 48-66.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-662-04390-5
[24] Silverman, M.P. and Strange, W. (2009) Europhysics Letters, 87, Article ID: 32001.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1209/0295-5075/87/32001             eww141111lx
  
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

A Comparison of Methods Used to Determine the Oleic/Linoleic Acid Ratio in Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and food crop. It is also a cheap source of protein, a good source of essential vitamins and minerals, and a component of many food products. The fatty acid composition of peanuts has become increasingly important with the realization that oleic acid content significantly affects the development of rancidity. And oil content of peanuts significantly affects flavor and shelf-life. Early generation screening of breeding lines for high oleic acid content greatly increases the efficiency of developing new peanut varieties. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of methods used to classify individual peanut seed as high oleic or not high oleic. Three hundred and seventy-four (374) seeds, spanning twenty-three (23) genotypes varying in oil composition (i.e. high oleic (H) or normal/not high oleic (NH) inclusive of all four peanut market-types (runner, Spanish, Valencia and Virginia), were individually tested ...
发表评论
阅读全文

Location Optimization of a Coal Power Plant to Balance Costs against Plant’s Emission Exposure

Fuel and its delivery cost comprise the biggest expense in coal power plant operations. Delivery of electricity from generation to consumers requires investment in power lines and transmission grids. Placing a coal power plant or multiple power plants near dense population centers can lower transmission costs. If a coalmine is nearby, transportation costs can also be reduced. However, emissions from coal plants play a key role in worsening health crises in many countries. And coal upon combustion produces CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , CO, Metallic and Particle Matter (PM10 & PM2.5). The presence of these chemical compounds in the atmosphere in close vicinity to humans, livestock, and agriculture carries detrimental health consequences. The goal of the research was to develop a methodology to minimize the public’s exposure to harmful emissions from coal power plants while maintaining minimal operational costs related to electric distribution losses and coal logistics. The objective was...
发表评论
阅读全文

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Continuous Use of a Home-Use High-Frequency Facial Treatment Appliance

At present, many home-use beauty devices are available in the market. In particular, many products developed for facial treatment use light, e.g., a flash lamp or a light-emitting diode (LED). In this study, the safety of 4 weeks’ continuous use of NEWA TM , a high-frequency facial treatment appliance, every alternate day at home was verified, and its efficacy was evaluated in Japanese individuals with healthy skin aged 30 years or older who complained of sagging of the facial skin.  Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), melanin levels, erythema levels, sebum secretion levels, skin color changes and wrinkle improvement in the facial skin were measured before the appliance began to be used (study baseline), at 2 and 4 weeks after it had begun to be used, and at 2 weeks after completion of the 4-week treatment period (6 weeks from the study baseline). In addition, data obtained by subjective evaluation by the subjects themselves on a visual analog scale (VAS) were also analyzed. Fur...
发表评论
阅读全文