跳至主要内容

Are the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights the Way for Development? A Precedence Investigation between Human Development Index and Index of Patent Rights

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=47106#.VGGHyWfHRK0

The main question, which leads this analysis, interrogates the existence of a causality relation between the human development index and Index of Patent Rights. It was decided to use a database whereas all units of the cross section have the same periods of time for human development index and Index of Patent Rights. This database covers 84 countries with the two indicators between 1975 and 2005. By the use of the Granger test, it was found that Index of Patent Rights does not temporally precede human development index, which indicates the veracity and, consequently, the corroboration of the idea of Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights should represent the interests of the richer countries’ great corporations, and not the underdeveloped nations, as said in the statement of World Trade Organization.
Cite this paper
Ganzert, C. , Selan, B. and Terra, L. (2014) Are the Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights the Way for Development? A Precedence Investigation between Human Development Index and Index of Patent Rights. Modern Economy, 5, 751-760. doi: 10.4236/me.2014.57069. 
 

[1] Ginarte, J.C. and Park, W.G. (1997) Determinants of Patent Rights: A Cross-National Study. Research Policy, 1, 283-301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0048-7333(97)00022-X
[2] Park, W.G. (2008) International Patent Protection: 1960-2005. Research Policy, 1, 761-766.
[3] Anand, S. and Sen, A.K. (1994) Human Development Index: Methodology and Measurement. Occasional Papers. New York: Human Development Report Office, United Nations.
http://hdr.undp.org/en/media/HDI_methodology.pdf
[4] Sagar, A.D. and Najam, A. (1998) The Human Development Index: A Critical Review. Ecological Economics, 1, 249-264. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8009(97)00168-7
[5] Siggel, E. (2005) Development Economics: A Policy Analysis Approach. Ashgate, New York.
[6] Sen, A.K. (1989) Development as Capability Expansion. In: Fukuda-Parr, S. and Shiva Kumar, A.K., Eds., Reading in Human Development, Oxford University Press, Oxford and New Delhi.
[7] Fukuda-parr, S. and Jahan, S. (2006) Haq Mahbub Ul (1934-1998). In: Clark, D., Org., The Elgar Companion to Development Studies, Edward Elgar, New York.
[8] Haq, M. (1995) Reflections on Human Development. Oxford University Press, Oxford and New York.
[9] Lai, E. (2008) Intellectual Property Protection in a Globalizing Era. Economic Letter—Insights from the Federal Reserve Bank of Dallas, 3.
[10] Huntington, E. (2001) Civilization and Climate. Minerva Group, New York.
[11] Hobsbawn, E.J. (1962) The Age of Revolution. Signet, New York.
[12] Magnusson, L. (1995) Mercantilism: The Shaping of an Economic Language. Routledge, New York.
[13] Cooper, C. (1973) Science, Technology and Development: The Political Economy of Technical Advance in Underdeveloped Countries. Routledge, New York.
[14] De Carvalho, N.P. (2002) The TRIPS Regime of Patent Rights. Kluwer Law International, London.
[15] Braga, C.A.P., Fink, C. and Sepulveda, C.P. (2000) Intellectual Property Rights and Economic Development. World Bank, New York.
[16] Castells, M. (2000) The Rise of the Network Society: Economy, Society and Culture. Blackwell, New York.
[17] Griffin, K.B. (2006) A Witness of Two Revolutions. In: Boyce, J.K., et al., Orgs., Human Development in the Era of Globalization: Essays in Honor of Keith B. Griffin, Edward Elgar, New York.
[18] Moellendorf, D. (2005) The World Trade Organization and Egalitarian Justice. In: Barry, C. and Pogge, T.W.M., Eds., Global Institutions and Responsibilities: Achieving Global Justice, Blackwell, New York.
[19] UNHCHR (2000) Sub-Commission on Human Rights Resolution 2000/7. Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, Geneva.
http://www.unhchr.ch/Huridocda/Huridoca.nsf/0/c462b62cf8a07b13c12569700046704e?Opendocu
ment
[20] Cook, C. (2004) Patents, Profits & Power: How Intellectual Property Rules the Global Economy. Kogan Page, New York.                eww141111lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

A Comparison of Methods Used to Determine the Oleic/Linoleic Acid Ratio in Cultivated Peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Cultivated peanut ( Arachis hypogaea L.) is an important oil and food crop. It is also a cheap source of protein, a good source of essential vitamins and minerals, and a component of many food products. The fatty acid composition of peanuts has become increasingly important with the realization that oleic acid content significantly affects the development of rancidity. And oil content of peanuts significantly affects flavor and shelf-life. Early generation screening of breeding lines for high oleic acid content greatly increases the efficiency of developing new peanut varieties. The objective of this study was to compare the accuracy of methods used to classify individual peanut seed as high oleic or not high oleic. Three hundred and seventy-four (374) seeds, spanning twenty-three (23) genotypes varying in oil composition (i.e. high oleic (H) or normal/not high oleic (NH) inclusive of all four peanut market-types (runner, Spanish, Valencia and Virginia), were individually tested ...
发表评论
阅读全文

Location Optimization of a Coal Power Plant to Balance Costs against Plant’s Emission Exposure

Fuel and its delivery cost comprise the biggest expense in coal power plant operations. Delivery of electricity from generation to consumers requires investment in power lines and transmission grids. Placing a coal power plant or multiple power plants near dense population centers can lower transmission costs. If a coalmine is nearby, transportation costs can also be reduced. However, emissions from coal plants play a key role in worsening health crises in many countries. And coal upon combustion produces CO 2 , SO 2 , NO x , CO, Metallic and Particle Matter (PM10 & PM2.5). The presence of these chemical compounds in the atmosphere in close vicinity to humans, livestock, and agriculture carries detrimental health consequences. The goal of the research was to develop a methodology to minimize the public’s exposure to harmful emissions from coal power plants while maintaining minimal operational costs related to electric distribution losses and coal logistics. The objective was...
发表评论
阅读全文

Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of Continuous Use of a Home-Use High-Frequency Facial Treatment Appliance

At present, many home-use beauty devices are available in the market. In particular, many products developed for facial treatment use light, e.g., a flash lamp or a light-emitting diode (LED). In this study, the safety of 4 weeks’ continuous use of NEWA TM , a high-frequency facial treatment appliance, every alternate day at home was verified, and its efficacy was evaluated in Japanese individuals with healthy skin aged 30 years or older who complained of sagging of the facial skin.  Transepidermal water loss (TEWL), melanin levels, erythema levels, sebum secretion levels, skin color changes and wrinkle improvement in the facial skin were measured before the appliance began to be used (study baseline), at 2 and 4 weeks after it had begun to be used, and at 2 weeks after completion of the 4-week treatment period (6 weeks from the study baseline). In addition, data obtained by subjective evaluation by the subjects themselves on a visual analog scale (VAS) were also analyzed. Fur...
发表评论
阅读全文