跳至主要内容

The Role of Premenstrual Syndrome in the Causation of Arterial Hypertension in Women

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50220#.VDINF1fHRK0

Author(s)   
Introduction: Gender perspectives are gradually generating great interest in health matters. Hypertension is one illness where gender considerations are important. Advancements in knowledge of pathophysiology help in better understanding of diseases and improvements in treatment. Pre-menstrual syndrome has been reported to make hypertension less responsive to treatment. This work was therefore done to see if premenstrual syndrome contributed in some way to hypertension in women. Methodology: All female hypertensives consulting the author in a private specialized hypertension clinic were questioned using the University of Carlifornia at San Diego criteria with a view to determining if they suffered from pre-menstrual syndrome. The control status was also considered for each patient. Females who consulted over the same period and were not hypertensive served as controls. Result: Pre-menstrual syndrome was found to occur more in hypertensive women than normotensive controls; to a statistically significant extent (p < 0.05). Control tended to be poorer in hypertensives with pre-menstrual syndrome than those without. The difference however did not achieve statistical significance. Discussion: There is controversy surrounding the aetiology of pre-menstrual syndrome. However, each of the models albeit inconsistent is capable of initiating and sustaining hypertension. The result here shows that in women it is likely to be one of the many factors that could produce hypertension in those predisposed. Conclusion: Pre-menstrual syndrome should arouse suspicion of future hypertension, and should be sought in all female hypertensives. Its presence should evoke deliberate action to improve outcome or remove the need for pharmacotherapy, at least for some time.
Cite this paper
Okeahialam, B. (2014) The Role of Premenstrual Syndrome in the Causation of Arterial Hypertension in Women. Open Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology, 4, 817-821. doi: 10.4236/ojog.2014.414113. 

[1] Legato, M.J. (2003) Beyond Women’s Health: The New Discipline of Gender Specific Medicine. Medical Clinics of North America, 5, 917-937. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-7125(03)00063-4
[2] Hanes, D.S., Weir, M.R. and Sowers, J.R. (1996) Gender Considerations in Hypertension Pathophysiology and Treatment. The American Journal of Medicine, 101, 10S-21S.
[3] Kaplan, N.M. (2004) What Can We Expect from New Guidelines? Medical Clinics of North America, 88, 141-148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-7125(03)00120-2
[4] Savoia, C. and Schiffrin, E.L. (2004) Significance of Recently Identified Peptides in Hypertension: Endothelin, Natriuretic Peptides, Adrenomedulin, Leptin. Medical Clinics of North America, 88, 39-62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-7125(03)00122-6
[5] Johnson, S.R. (1987) Pre-Menstrual Syndrome (Foreword). Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 30, 365-366.
[6] Johnson, S.R. (1987) The Epidemiology and Social Impact of Pre-Menstrual Syndrome. Clinical Obstetrics and Gynecology, 30, 367-376.
[7] Okeahialam, B.N. (2004) Refractory Hypertension Controlled after Identifying and Addressing Pre-Menstrual Syndrome. Journal of the National Medical Association, 96, 1422-1423.
[8] Dickerson, R.M., Mazyck, P.J. and Hunter, M.H. (2003) Pre-Menstrual Syndrome. American Family Physician, 67, 1743-1752.
[9] Rasheed, P. and Al-Sowielem, L.S. (2003) Prevalence and Predictors of Pre-Menstrual Syndrome among College Aged Women in Saudi Arabia. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 23, 381-387.
[10] Daugherty, J.E. (1998) Treatment Strategies for Pre-Menstrual Syndrome. American Family Physician, 58, 183-192, 197-198.
[11] Steiner, M. and Born, L. (2000) Diagnosis and Treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. An Update. International Clinical Psychopharmacology, 15, S5-S17.
[12] Okeahialam, B.N., Obindo, J.T. and Ogbonna, C. (2008) Prevalence of Premenstrual Syndrome and Its Relationship with Blood Pressure in Young Adult Females. African Journal of Medicine Medical Sciences, 37, 361-367.
[13] Kaplan, N.M. (1994) Primary Hypertension. Pathogenesis. In: Kaplan, N.M., Ed., Clinical Hypertension, Wilkins and Wilkins, Baltimore/Philadelphia/Hongkong/London/Munich/Sydney/Tokyo, 47-108.
[14] Hallman, J. (1986) The Premenstrual Syndrome—An Equivalent of Depression? Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica, 73, 403-411. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0447.1986.tb02703.x
[15] Saeed, A.K. and Al-Dabbagh, T.Q. (2003) Type 2 Diabetes and Its Association with Hypertension and Depression in an Iraqi Population. Annals of Saudi Medicine, 23, 254-259.
[16] Carpenter, P.C. (1988) Diagnostic Evaluation of Cushings Syndrome. Endocrinology Metabolism Clinics of North America, 17, 445-472.
[17] Jonas, B.S., Fraubs, P. and Ingram, D.D. (1997) Are Symptoms of Anxiety and Depression Risk Factors for Hypertension? Longitudinal Evidence from the National Health and Nutritional Diseases/Epidemiological Follow-Up Study. Archives of Family Medicine, 6, 43-49.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archfami.6.1.43
[18] Shechter, A. and Boivin, D.B. (2010) Sleep, Hormones, and Circadian Rhythms throughout the Menstrual Cycle in Healthy Women with Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder. International Journal of Endocrinology, 2010, Article ID: 259345. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/259345
[19] Baker, F.C., Kahan, T.L., Trinder, J. and Colrain, I.M. (2007) Sleep Quality and the Sleep Electroencephalogram in Women with Severe Premenstrual Syndrome. Sleep, 30, 1283-1291.
[20] Meelo, P., Sgoifo, A. and Suchecki, D. (2008) Restricted and Disrupted Sleep: Effects on Autonomic Function, Neuroendocrine Stress Systems and Stress Responsivity. Sleep Medicine Reviews, 12, 197-210. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.smrv.2007.07.007
[21] Stickler, R.C. (1987) Endocrine Hypothesis for the Etiology of Premenstrual Syndrome. Clinical Obstetrics & Gynecology, 30, 377-385. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00003081-198706000-00018
[22] Reid, R.L. (1988) Etiology: Medial Models. In: Keye Jr., W.R., Ed., The Pre-Menstrual Syndrome, WB Saunders Co., Philadelphia/Toronto/Montreal/Sydney/Tokyo, 75-77.
[23] Sharma, B.K., Sharma, N. and Jain, S. (1999) Hypertension and the Kidneys: Inter-Relationship and Therapeutic Approach. Journal of Indian Medical Association, 97, 91-105.
[24] Muntner, P., Shimbo, D., Tonelli, M., Reynolds, K., Arnett, D.K. and Oparil, S. (2011) The Relationship between Visit-to-Visit Variability in Systolic Blood Pressure and All-Cause Mortality in the General Population: Findings from NHANES III, 1988-1994. Hypertension, 57, 160-166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.162255
[25] Stamatelopoulos, K.S., Georgiopoulos, G., Papaioannou, T., Lambrinoudaki, I., Kouzoupis, A., Vlachopoulos, C., et al. (2012) Can Premenstrual Syndrome Affect Arterial Stiffness or Blood Pressure? Atherosclerosis, 224, 170-176.
[26] Frohlich, E.D. (2004) Innovative Concepts of Hypertension to Understand and Manage the Disease (Preface). Medical Clinics of North America, 88, 13-21.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0025-7125(03)00143-3              eww141006lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...
发表评论
阅读全文

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...
发表评论
阅读全文