Rationale for Treatment of Common Cold and Flu with Multi-Ingredient Combination Products for Multi-Symptom Relief in Adults
Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48476#.VD4ZrVfHRK0
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=48476#.VD4ZrVfHRK0
Author(s)
This up-to-date overview will look at the rationale for the
recommendation of combination products for multi-symptom relief of
common cold and flu. Common cold and flu are defined by their
multi-symptom nature with data showing a variety of symptoms reported
simultaneously each day over the first six days of illness.
Multi-ingredient combination products for multi-symptom relief are
formulated to safely, simply, and simultaneously treat multiple symptoms
when used as directed. The rationale for the formulation combination
products for common cold and flu is therefore practical, logical and
reasonable. No evidence has been found that multi-symptom relief
medicines are inherently less safe than single-active ingredient
medicines. Multi-symptom relief combination products containing several
active ingredients provide a safe, effective, cost-effective, and
convenient way of treating the multiple symptoms of common cold and flu,
when used as directed. This therapy requires some special information
for the patient to be provided by the physician and the pharmacist.
Cite this paper
Eccles, R. , Fietze, I. and Rose, U. (2014)
Rationale for Treatment of Common Cold and Flu with Multi-Ingredient
Combination Products for Multi-Symptom Relief in Adults. Open Journal of Respiratory Diseases, 4, 73-82. doi: 10.4236/ojrd.2014.43011.
| [1] |
Johnston, S. and Holgate, S.
(1996) Epidemiology of Viral Respiratory Infections. In: Myint, S. and
Taylor-Robinson, D., Eds., Viral and Other Infections of the Human
Respiratory Tract, Chapman & Hall, London, 1-38.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-7930-0_1 |
| [2] |
Kirkpatrick, G.L. (1996) The Common Cold. Primary Care, 23, 657-675.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0095-4543(05)70355-9 |
| [3] |
Grijalva, C.G., Nuorti, J.P. and
Griffin, M.R. (2009) Antibiotic Prescription Rates for Acute
Respiratory Tract Infections in US Ambulatory Settings. JAMA, 302,
758-766. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.2009.1163 |
| [4] |
Monto, A.S. and Sullivan, K.M.
(1993) Acute Respiratory Illness in the Community. Frequency of Illness
and the Agents Involved. Epidemiology Infection, 110, 145-160. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800050779 |
| [5] |
Doyle, W. and Cohen, S. (2009)
Etiology of the Common Cold: Modulating Factors. In: Eccles, R. and
Weber, O., Eds., Common Cold, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 149-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-9912-2_6 |
| [6] | Sirois, J. and Ferreri, S. (2013) OTC Combination Products in Pharmacist-Assisted Self-Care. Pharmacy Today, 49-53. |
| [7] |
Weber, O. (2009) The Role of
Viruses in the Etiology and Pathogenesis of Common Cold. In: Eccles, R.
and Webber, O., Eds., Common Cold, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 107-147. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-9912-2_5 |
| [8] |
Heikkinen, T. and Jarvinen, A. (2003) The Common Cold. Lancet, 361, 51-59.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(03)12162-9 |
| [9] |
Zambon, M.C., Stockton, J.D.,
Clewley, J.P. and Fleming, D.M. (2001) Contribution of Influenza and
Respiratory Syncytial Virus to Community Cases of Influenza-Like
Illness: An Observational Study. Lancet, 358, 1410-1416.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(01)06528-X |
| [10] |
Eccles, R. (2009) Mechanisms of
Symptoms of Common Cold and Flu. In: Eccles, R. and Webber, O., Eds.,
Common Cold, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 23-45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-9912-2_2 |
| [11] |
Punpanich, W. and
Chotpitayasunondh, T. (2012) A Review on the Clinical Spectrum and
Natural History of Human Influenza. International Journal of Infectious
Diseases, 16, e714-e723. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijid.2012.05.1025 |
| [12] |
Ruuskanen, O., Lahti, E.,
Jennings, L.C. and Murdoch, D.R. (2011) Viral Pneumonia. Lancet, 377,
1264-1275.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61459-6 |
| [13] |
Eccles, R. (2005) Understanding
the Symptoms of the Common Cold and Influenza. Lancet Infectious
Diseases, 5, 718-725. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(05)70270-X |
| [14] | Eccles, R. (2013) Is the Common Cold a Clinical Entity or a Cultural Concept? Rhinology, 51, 3-8. |
| [15] |
Jackson Allen, P. and Simenson,
S. (2013) Management of Common Cold Symptoms with Over-the-Counter
Medications: Clearing the Confusion. Postgraduate Medicine, 125, 73-81. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2013.01.2607 |
| [16] | Georgitis, J.W. (1993) Nasopharyngitis, Pharyngitis, and Tonsillitis. Immunology And Allergy Clinics of North America, 13, 109-118. |
| [17] |
Chan, T.V. (2010) The Patient
with Sore Throat. Medical Clinics of North America, 94, 923-943.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2010.06.001 |
| [18] |
Monto, A.S., Gravenstein, S.,
Elliott, M., Colopy, M. and Schweinle, J. (2000) Clinical Signs and
Symptoms Predicting Influenza Infection. JAMA Internal Medicine, 160,
3243-3247. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.160.21.3243 |
| [19] | WHO Expert Committee on Specifications for Pharmaceutical Preparations (2005) Guidelines for Registration of Fixed-Dose Combination Medicinal Products. 39th Report, WHO Technical Report Series, No. 929, Annex 5 Combination Medicinal Products 2005, WHO, Geneva. |
| [20] |
Jackson, G., Dowling, H.,
Spiesman, I. and Boand, A. (1958) Transmission of the Common Cold to
Volunteers under Controlled Conditions. 1 The Common Cold as a Clinical
Entity. JAMA Internal Medicine, 101, 267-278.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinte.1958.00260140099015 |
| [21] |
Tyrrell, D.A., Cohen, S. and
Schlarb, J.E. (1993) Signs and Symptoms in Common Colds. Epidemiology
and Infection, 111, 143-156. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0950268800056764 |
| [22] |
Turner, R.B., Witek, T.J. and
Riker, D.K. (1996) Comparison of Symptom Severity in Natural and
Experimentally Induced Colds. American Journal of Rhinology, 10,
167-172. http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/105065896781794888 |
| [23] |
Gwaltney Jr., J.M., Hendley,
J.O., Simon, G. and Jordan Jr., W.S. (1967) Rhinovirus Infections in an
Industrial Population. II. Characteristics of Illness and Antibody
Response. JAMA, 202, 494-500.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/jama.1967.03130190100014 |
| [24] | No Authors Listed (1961) A Multi-Ingredient Tablet for the Symptomatic Relief of the Common Cold. Practitioner, 187, 364-366. |
| [25] | No Authors Listed (1967) Multi-Ingredient Cold Remedies. Practitioner, 198, 436-441. |
| [26] |
Bjerrum, O.J., Gautam, Y.,
Bjerrum, E.J., Schmiegelow, M. and Boonen, H.C. (2013) Medicines
Combinations Options and Regulatory Hurdles. European Journal of
Pharmaceutical Sciences: Official Journal of the European Federation for
Pharmaceutical Sciences, 49, 659-663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ejps.2013.04.028 |
| [27] |
Bangalore, S., Kamalakkannan,
G., Parkar, S. and Messerli, F.H. (2007) Fixed-Dose Combinations Improve
Medication Compliance: A Meta-Analysis. American Journal of Medicine,
120, 713-719.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amjmed.2006.08.033 |
| [28] |
Kelly, C.M. and Buzdar, A.U.
(2013) Using Multiple Targeted Therapies in Oncology: Considerations for
Use, and Progress to Date in Breast Cancer. Drugs, 73, 505-515. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40265-013-0044-0 |
| [29] |
Baser, O., Andrews, L.M., Wang,
L. and Xie, L. (2011) Comparison of Real-World Adherence, Healthcare
Resource Utilization and Costs for Newly Initiated Valsartan/Amlodipine
Single-Pill Combination versus Angiotensin Receptor Blocker/Calcium
Channel Blocker Free-Combination Therapy. Journal of Medical Economics,
14, 576-583.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3111/13696998.2011.596873 |
| [30] | Bashir, S., Sherwani, M.U., Shabbir, I. and Batool, A. (2011) Efficacy of Fix-Dose Combination (Atorvastatin and Amlodipine) in Treatment of Uncontrolled Hypertension and Dyslipidemia. Journal of Ayub Medical College, Abbottabad: JAMC, 23, 97-100. |
| [31] |
Bangsberg, D.R., Ragland, K.,
Monk, A. and Deeks, S.G. (2010) A Single Tablet Regimen Is Associated
with Higher Adherence and Viral Suppression than Multiple Tablet
Regimens in HIV+ Homeless and Marginally Housed People. AIDS, 24,
2835-2840. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/QAD.0b013e328340a209 |
| [32] |
Mantzaris, G.J., Petraki, K.,
Archavlis, E., Amberiadis, P., Christoforidis, P., Kourtessas, D.,
Chiotakakou, E. and Triantafyllou, G. (2002) Omeprazole Triple Therapy
versus Omeprazole Quadruple Therapy for Healing Duodenal Ulcer and
Eradication of Helicobacter Pylori Infection: A 24-Month Follow-Up
Study. European Journal of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, 14,
1237-1243. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00042737-200211000-00012 |
| [33] |
Di Monda, V., Nicolodi, M.,
Aloisio, A., Del Bianco, P., Fonzari, M., Grazioli, I., et al. (2003)
Efficacy of a Fixed Combination of Indomethacin, Prochlorperazine, and
Caffeine versus Sumatriptan in Acute Treatment of Multiple Migraine
Attacks: A Multicenter, Randomized, Crossover Trial. Headache, 43,
835-844.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1526-4610.2003.03161.x |
| [34] |
Eccles, R. (2009) Over the
Counter Medicines for Colds. In: Eccles, R. and Webber, O., Eds., Common
Cold, Birkhauser Verlag, Basel, 249-273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-7643-9912-2_12 |
| [35] | Eccles, R. and Voelker, M. (2013) Analgesic and Decongestant Efficacy of the Combination of Aspirin with Pseudoephedrine in Patients with Symptoms of Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. Clinical Pharmacology in Drug Development, 3, 118-125. |
| [36] | Loose, I. and Winkel, M. (2004) Clinical, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study Investigating the Combination of Acetylsalicylic Acid and Pseudoephedrine for the Symptomatic Treatment of Nasal Congestion Associated with Common Cold. Arzneimittel-Forschung, 54, 513-521. |
| [37] |
Eccles, R., Jawad, M., Jawad,
S., Ridge, D., North, M., Jones, E. and Burnett, I. (2006) Efficacy of a
Paracetamol-Pseudoephedrine Combination for Treatment of Nasal
Congestion and Pain-Related Symptoms in Upper Respiratory Tract
Infection. Current Medical Research and Opinion, 22, 2411-2418.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1185/030079906X154105 |
| [38] |
Eccles, R., Pedersen, A.,
Regberg, D., Tulento, H., Borum, P. and Stjarne, P. (2007) Efficacy and
Safety of Topical Combinations of Ipratropium and Xylometazoline for the
Treatment of Symptoms of Runny Nose and Nasal Congestion Associated
with Acute Upper Respiratory Tract Infection. American Journal of
Rhinology, 21, 40-45.
http://dx.doi.org/10.2500/ajr.2007.21.2902 |
| [39] | Salisbury-Afshar, E. (2012) Oral Antihistamine/Decongestant/Analgesic Combinations for the Common Cold. American Family Physician, 86, 812-813. |
| [40] | De Sutter, A.I., Van Driel, M.L., Kumar, A.A., Lesslar, O. and Skrt, A. (2012) Oral Antihistamine-Decongestant-Analgesic Combinations for the Common Cold. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, 2, Article ID: CD004976. |
| [41] |
Cohen, S., Doyle, W.J., Alper,
C.M., Janicki-Deverts, D. and Turner, R.B. (2009) Sleep Habits and
Susceptibility to the Common Cold. JAMA Internal Medicine, 169, 62-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1001/archinternmed.2008.505 |
| [42] |
Simpson, N. and Dinges, D.F.
(2007) Sleep and Inflammation. Nutrition Reviews, 65, S244-S252.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1301/nr.2007.dec.S244-S252 |
| [43] |
Kashyap, K.C., Nissen, L.M.,
Smith, S.S. and Kyle, G. (2014) Management of Over-the-Counter Insomnia
Complaints in Australian Community Pharmacies: A Standardized Patient
Study. International Journal of Pharmacy Practice, 22, 125-134. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/ijpp.12052 |
| [44] | Bjornsdottir, I., Einarson, T.R., Guethmundsson, L.S. and Einarsdottir, R.A. (2007) Efficacy of Diphenhydramine against Cough in Humans: A Review. Pharmacy World & Science, 29, 577-583. |
| [45] |
Eccles, R., Vancauwenberge, P.,
Tetzloff, W. and Borum, P. (1995) A Clinical Study to Evaluate the
Efficacy of the Antihistamine Doxylamine Succinate in the Relief of
Runny Nose and Sneezing Associated with Upper Respiratory- Tract
Infection. Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology, 47, 990-993.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2042-7158.1995.tb03283.x |
| [46] |
Doyle, W.J., McBride, T.P.,
Skoner, D.P., Maddern, B.R., Gwaltney, J.M. and Uhrin, M. (1988) A
Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of the Effect of
Chlorpheniramine on the Response of the Nasal Airway, Middle Ear and
Eustachian Tube to Provocative Rhinovirus Challenge. Journal of
Pediatric Infectious Disease, 7, 229-238.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00006454-198803000-00033 |
| [47] |
Picon, P.D., Costa, M.B., Da
Veiga Picon, R., Fendt, L.C., Suksteris, M.L., Saccilotto, I.C.,
Dornelles, A.D. and Schmidt, L.F.C. (2013) Symptomatic Treatment of the
Common Cold with a Fixed-Dose Combination of Paracetamol, Chlorphenamine
and Phenylephrine: A Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial. BMC
Infectious Diseases, 13, 556.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-13-556 |
| [48] |
Seagrave, J., Albrecht, H.H.,
Hill, D.B., Rogers, D.F. and Solomon, G. (2012) Effects of Guaifenesin,
N-Acetylcy- steine, and Ambroxol on MUC5AC and Mucociliary Transport in
Primary Differentiated Human Tracheal-Bronchial Cells. Respiratory
Research, 13, 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1465-9921-13-98 |
| [49] |
Fan, Y., Ji, P., Leonard-Segal,
A. and Sahajwalla, C.G. (2013) An Overview of the Pediatric Medications
for the Symptomatic Treatment of Allergic Rhinitis, Cough, and Cold.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 102, 4213-4229.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jps.23720 |
| [50] |
Mizoguchi, H., Wilson, A.,
Jerdack, G.R., Hull, J.D., Goodale, M., Grender, J.M. and Tyler, B.A.
(2007) Efficacy of a Single Evening Dose of Syrup Containing
Paracetamol, Dextromethorphan Hydrobromide, Doxylamine Succinate and
Ephedrine Sulfate in Subjects with Multiple Common Cold Symptoms.
International Journal of Clinical Pharmacology and Therapeutics, 45,
230-236. http://dx.doi.org/10.5414/CPP45230 |
| [51] |
Hartley, V. (2003) Overdose of
Cough and Cold Remedies. Emergency Nurse: The Journal of the RCN
Accident and Emergency Nursing Association, 10, 20-25. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en2003.02.10.9.20.c1091 |
| [52] |
Janin, A. and Monnet, J. (2014)
Bioavailability of Paracetamol, Phenylephrine Hydrochloride and
Guaifenesin in a Fixed-Combination Syrup versus an Oral Reference
Product. Journal of International Medical Research, 42, 347-359.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300060513503762 |
| [53] |
Boudreau, D.M., Wirtz, H., Von
Korff, M., Catz, S.L., St John, J. and Stang, P.E. (2013) A Survey of
Adult Awareness and Use of Medicine Containing Acetaminophen.
Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety, 22, 229-240.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pds.3335 |
| [54] |
Krenzelok, E.P. (2009) The FDA
Acetaminophen Advisory Committee Meeting—What Is the Future of
Acetaminophen in the United States? The Perspective of a Committee
Member. Clinical Toxicology, 47, 784-789.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15563650903232345 |
| [55] |
Raal, A., Volmer, D., Soukand,
R., Hratkevits, S. and Kalle, R. (2013) Complementary Treatment of the
Common Cold and Flu with Medicinal Plants—Results from Two Samples of
Pharmacy Customers in Estonia. PLoS ONE, 8, Article ID: e58642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0058642 |
| [56] |
Jiao, Y., Liu, J.P., Jiang,
L.D., Liu, Q.Q., Li, X.L., Zhang, S.N., Zhaog, B.X. and Wang, T.F.
(2013) Guidelines on Common Cold for Traditional Chinese Medicine Based
on Pattern Differentiation. Journal of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 33,
417-422. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0254-6272(13)60141-7 |
| [57] |
Passioti, M., Maggina, P.,
Megremis, S. and Papadopoulos, N.G. (2014) The Common Cold: Potential
for Future Prevention or Cure. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 14,
413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11882-013-0413-5 eww141015lx |
评论
发表评论