跳至主要内容

Novel Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50980#.VFHKwFfHRK0

Objective: To review the literature for the emerging oral anticoagulants, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and apixaban currently available in the United States. Data Source: A literature review was performed in MEDLINE (1947–July 2014) using the keywords atrial fibrillation AND dabigatran OR rivaroxaban OR apixaban. The references identified from the literature review were then evaluated. All of the literature retrieved from MEDLINE that was published as an original clinical trial was included in this review. Other pertinent articles published related to the original clinical trials were also considered. The references included in this review were limited to studies conducted in humans and written in the English language. Conclusion: The new oral anticoagulant agents have demonstrated benefit over warfarin. The pharmacologic profiles of the newer agents are predictable, with rapid onsets of action. The newer agents are also more convenient for patients since they do not require regular INR monitoring. Although there are many advantages to the newer agents, a patient evaluation must be considered prior to initiating them.
Cite this paper
Mansukhani, R. and Volino, L. (2014) Novel Therapeutic Options for the Treatment of Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. Pharmacology & Pharmacy, 5, 1070-1076. doi: 10.4236/pp.2014.511116. 
 

[1] January, C.T., Wann, L.S., Alpert, J.S., Calkins, H., Cleveland, J.C., Cigarroa, J.E., et al. (2014) 2014 AHA/ACC/HRS Guideline for the Management of Patients with Atrial Fibrillation: A Report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association Task Force on Practice Guidelines and the Heart Rhythm Society. Journal of the American College of Cardiology, 14, S0735-S1097.
[2] Allessie, M., Ausma, J. and Schotten, U. (2002) Electrical, Contractile and Structural Remodeling during Atrial Fibrillation. Cardiovascular Research, 54, 230-246.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0008-6363(02)00258-4
[3] Guyatt, G.H., Akl, E.A., Crowther, M., Gutterman, D.D., Schuünemann, H.J., et al. (2012) Executive Summary: Antithrombotic Therapy and Prevention of Thrombosis, 9th ed: American College of Chest Physicians Evidence-Based Clinical Practice Guidelines. Chest, 141, 7S-47S.
[4] Coumadin [Prescribing Information] (2011) Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton.
[5] Eliquis [Prescribing Information] (2014) Bristol-Myers Squibb Company, Princeton.
[6] Pradaxa [Prescribing Information] (2014) Boehringer Ingelheim Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Ridgefield.
[7] Xarelto [Prescribing Information] (2014) Janssen Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Titusville.
[8] Connolly, S.J., Ezekowitz, M.D., Yusuf, S., Eikelboom, J., Oldgren, J., Parekh, A., et al. (2009) Dabigatran versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 361, 1139-1151.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa0905561
[9] Connolly, S.J., Wallentin, L., Ezekowitz, M.D., Eikelboom, J., Oldgren, J., Reilly, P.A., et al. (2013) The Long-Term Multicenter Observational Study of Dabigatran Treatment in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation (RELY-ABLE) Study. Circulation, 128, 237-243.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.112.001139
[10] Becker, R., Berkowitz, S.D., Breithardt, G., Califf, R.M., Fox, K. and Hacke, W. (2010) Rivaroxaban-Once Daily, Oral, Direct Factor Xa Inhibition Compared with Vitamin K Antagonism for Prevention of Stroke and Embolism Trial in Atrial Fibrillation: Rationale and Design of the ROCKET AF Study. American Heart Journal, 159, 340-347.
[11] Patel, M.R., Mahaffey, K.W., Garg, J., Pan, G., Singer, D.E., Hacke, W., et al. (2011) Rivaroxaban versus Warfarin in Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 365, 883-891.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1009638
[12] Lopes, R.D., Alexander, J.H., Al-Khatib, S.M., Ansell, J., Diaz, R., Easton, J.D., et al. (2010) Apixaban for Reduction in Stroke and Other Thromboembolic Events in Atrial Fibrillation (ARISTOTLE) Trial: Design and Rationale. American Heart Journal, 159, 331-339.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2009.07.035
[13] Granger, C.B., Alexander, J.H., McMurray, J.J., Lopes, R.D., Hylek, E.M., Hanna, M., et al. (2011) Apixaban versus Warfarin in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 365, 981-992.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1107039
[14] Eikelboom, J.W., O’Donnell, M., Yusuf, S., Diaz, R., Flaker, G., Hohnloser, S., et al. (2010) Rationale and Design of AVERROES: Apixaban versus Acetylsalicylic Acid to Prevent Stroke in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Who Have Failed or Are Unsuitable for Vitamin K Antagonist Treatment. American Heart Journal, 159, 348-353.e1.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ahj.2009.08.026
[15] Connolly, S.J., Eikelboom, J., Joyner, C., Diener, H.C., Hart, R., Golitsyn, S., et al. (2011) Apixaban in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. The New England Journal of Medicine, 364, 806-817.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1056/NEJMoa1007432
[16] Red Book Online [Database Online] (2014) Truven Health Analytics, Inc., Greenwood Village.                                       eww141030lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...
发表评论
阅读全文

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...
发表评论
阅读全文