跳至主要内容

Attitudes toward E-Cigarettes, Reasons for Initiating E-Cigarette Use, and Changes in Smoking Behavior after Initiation: A Pilot Longitudinal Study of Regular Cigarette Smokers

Read full paper at:
http://www.scirp.org/journal/PaperInformation.aspx?PaperID=50827#.VE2_tFfHRK0

Objectives: We examined 1) changes in smoking and vaping behavior and associated cotinine levels and health status among regular smokers who were first-time e-cigarette purchasers and 2) attitudes, intentions, and restrictions regarding e-cigarettes. Methods: We conducted a pilot longitudinal study with assessments of the aforementioned factors and salivary cotinine at weeks 0, 4, and 8. Eligibility criteria included being ≥18 years old, smoking ≥25 of the last 30 days, smoking ≥5 cigarettes per day (cpd), smoking regularly ≥1 year, and not having started using e-cigarettes. Of 72 individuals screened, 40 consented, 36 completed the baseline survey, and 83.3% and 72.2% were retained at weeks 4 and 8, respectively. Results: Participants reduced cigarette consumption from baseline to week 4 and 8 (p’s < 0.001); 23.1% reported no cigarette use in the past month at week 8. There was no significant decrease in cotinine from baseline to week 4 or 8 (p’s = ns). At week 8, the majority reported improved health (65.4%), reduced smoker’s cough (57.7%), and improved sense of smell (53.8%) and taste (50.0%). The majority believed that e-cigarettes versus regular cigarettes have fewer health risks (97.2%) and that e-cigarettes have been shown to help smokers quit (80.6%) and reduce cigarette consumption (97.2%). In addition, the majority intended to use e-cigarettes as a complete replacement for regular cigarettes (69.4%) and reported no restriction on e-cigarette use in the home (63.9%) or car (80.6%). Conclusions: Future research is needed to document the long-term impact on smoking behavior and health among cigarette smokers who initiate use of e-cigarettes.
Cite this paper
Berg, C. , Barr, D. , Stratton, E. , Escoffery, C. and Kegler, M. (2014) Attitudes toward E-Cigarettes, Reasons for Initiating E-Cigarette Use, and Changes in Smoking Behavior after Initiation: A Pilot Longitudinal Study of Regular Cigarette Smokers. Open Journal of Preventive Medicine, 4, 789-800. doi: 10.4236/ojpm.2014.410089. 
 

[1] US Food and Drug Administration (2010) E-Cigarettes: Questions and Answers.
http://www.fda.gov/forconsumers/consumerupdates/ucm225210.htm
[2] Hitchman, S.C., McNeill, A. and Brose, L.S. (2014) Electronic Cigarettes: Time for an Accurate and Evidence-Based Debate. Addiction, 109, 867-868.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.12550
[3] Buchhalter, A.R., et al. (2005) Tobacco Abstinence Symptom Suppression: The Role Played by the Smoking-Related Stimuli That Are Delivered by Denicotinized Cigarettes. Addiction, 100, 550-559.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2005.01030.x
[4] Bullen, C., et al. (2010) Effect of an Electronic Nicotine Delivery Device (E Cigarette) on Desire to Smoke and Withdrawal, User Preferences and Nicotine Delivery: Randomised Cross-Over Trial. Tobacco Control, 19, 98-103.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tc.2009.031567
[5] Cahn, Z. and Siegel, M. (2011) Electronic Cigarettes as a Harm Reduction Strategy for Tobacco Control: A Step Forward or a Repeat of Past Mistakes? Journal of Public Health Policy, 32, 16-31.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/jphp.2010.41
[6] Polosa, R., et al. (2011) Effect of an Electronic Nicotine Delivery Device (E-Cigarette) on Smoking Reduction and Cessation: A Prospective 6-Month Pilot Study. BMC Public Health, 11, 786.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-786
[7] Siegel, M.B., Tanwar, K.L. and Wood, K.S. (2011) Electronic Cigarettes as a Smoking-Cessation: Tool Results from an Online Survey. American Journal of Preventive Medicine, 40, 472-475.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2010.12.006
[8] Etter, J.F. and Bullen, C. (2014) A Longitudinal Study of Electronic Cigarette Users. Addictive Behaviors, 39, 491-494.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.10.028
[9] Bullen, C., et al. (2013) Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Lancet, 382, 1629-1637.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(13)61842-5
[10] Caponnetto, P., et al. (2013) Efficiency and Safety of an Electronic Cigarette (Eclat) as Tobacco Cigarettes Substitute: A Prospective 12-Month Randomized Control Design Study. PLoS One, 8, e66317.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0066317
[11] Zhu, S.H., Gamst, A., Lee, M., Cummins, S., Lu, Y. and Zoref, L. (2013) The Use and Perception of Electronic Cigarettes and Snus among the US Population. PLoS One, 8, e79332.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0079332
[12] Etter, J.F. and Bullen, C. (2011) Electronic Cigarette: Users Profile, Utilization, Satisfaction and Perceived Efficacy. Addiction, 106, 2017-2028.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2011.03505.x
[13] Kralikova, E., Novak, J., West, O., Kmetova, A. and Hajek, P. (2013) Do E-Cigarettes Have the Potential to Compete with Conventional Cigarettes? A Survey of Conven-tional Cigarette Smokers’ Experiences with E-Cigarettes. Chest, 144, 1609-1614.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1378/chest.12-2842
[14] Breland, A.B., Spindle, T.B.S., Weaver, M. and Eissenberg, T. (2014) Science and Electronic Cigarettes: Current Data, Future Needs. Journal of Addiction Medicine, 8, 223-233.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/ADM.0000000000000049
[15] Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2012) Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, 2011. CDC, DeKalb County.
[16] Brown, R.A., Burgess, E.S., Sales, S.D., Whiteley, J.A., Evans, D.M. and Miller, I.W. (1998) Reliability and Validity of a Smoking Timeline Follow-Back Interview. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 12, 101-112.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0893-164X.12.2.101
[17] Biener, L. and Abrams, D.B. (1991) The Contemplation Ladder: Validation of a Measure of Readiness to Consider Smoking Cessation. Health Psychology, 10, 360-365.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0278-6133.10.5.360
[18] Fava, J.L., Velicer, W.F. and Prochaska, J.O. (1995) Applying the Transtheoretical Model to a Representative Sample of Smokers. Addictive Behaviors, 20, 189-203.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0306-4603(94)00062-X
[19] Berg, C.J., et al. (2012) Use of and Interest in Smoking Cessation Strategies among Daily and Nondaily College Student Smokers. Journal of American College Health, 60, 194-202.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07448481.2011.586388
[20] Jacob III, P., Yu, L., Duan, M., Ramos, L., Yturralde, O. and Benowitz, N.L. (2011) Determination of the Nicotine Metabolites Cotinine and Trans-3’-Hydroxycotinine in Biologic Fluids of Smokers and Non-Smokers Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry: Biomarkers for Tobacco Smoke Exposure and for Phenotyping Cytochrome P450 2A6 Activity. Journal of Chromatography B, 879, 267-276.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jchromb.2010.12.012
[21] Heavner, K., Dunworth, J., Bergen, P., Bergen, P. and Phillips, C.V. (2009) Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes) as Potential Tobacco Harm Reduction Products: Results of an Online Survey of E-Cigarette Users.
http://www.tobaccoharmreduction.org/wpapers/011v1.pdf
[22] World Health Organization (2008) WHO Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic, 2009: Surveys of Adult Tobacco Use in WHO Member States.
http://www.who.int/tobacco/mpower/mpower_report_prevalence_data_2008.pdf
[23] Palazzolo, D.L. (2013) Electronic Cigarettes and Vaping: A New Challenge in Clinical Medicine and Public Health. A Literature Review. Front Public Health, 1, 56.
http://dx.doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2013.00056
[24] Goniewicz, M.L., et al. (2013) Nicotine Levels in Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, 15, 158-166.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ntr/nts103
[25] Dawkins, L. and Corcoran, O. (2014) Acute Electronic Cigarette Use: Nicotine Delivery and Subjective Effects in Regular Users. Psychopharmacology, 231, 401-407.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00213-013-3249-8
[26] Etter, J.F. (2014) Levels of Saliva Cotinine in Electronic Cigarette Users. Addiction, 109, 825-829.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/add.12475
[27] Etter, J.F. and Bullen, C. (2011) Saliva Cotinine Levels in Users of Electronic Cigarettes. European Respiratory Journal, 38, 1219-1220.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/09031936.00066011
[28] Goniewicz, M.L., Knysak, J., Gawron, M. and Kosmider, L. (2014) Levels of Selected Carcinogens and Toxicants in Vapour from Electronic Cigarettes. Tobacco Control, 23, 133-139.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/tobaccocontrol-2012-050859
[29] Barbeau, A.M., Burda, J. and Siegel, M. (2013) Perceived Efficacy of E-Cigarettes versus Nicotine Replacement Therapy among Successful E-Cigarette Users: A Qualitative Approach. Addiction Science & Clinical Practice, 8, 5.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1940-0640-8-5
[30] Czogala, J., Goniewicz, M.L., Fidelus, B., Zielinska-Danch, W., Travers, M.J. and Sobczak, A. (2013) Secondhand Exposure to Vapors from Electronic Cigarettes. Nicotine & Tobacco Research, Published Online.
[31] Schober, W., Szendreia, K., Matzena, W., Osiander-Fuchsb, H. and Heitman, D. (2013) Use of Electronic Cigarettes (E-Cigarettes) Impairs Indoor Air Quality and Increases FeNO Levels of E-Cigarette Consumers. International Journal of Hygiene and Environmental Health, 217, 628-637.  eww141027lx
标签：

评论

发表评论

此博客中的热门博文

Does Immigration Promote the Investment of the Monopolistic Firm?

In the present paper, we examine the effect of increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth on the optimal timing of investment of a firm that has a monopolistic power over the labor market. It is revealed that when the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is more than a threshold level, increasing uncertainty of immigrants’ growth accelerates the optimal timing of firms’ investment and enhances the economic growth, even if the uncertainty of immigrants’ growth is formulated by the geometric Brownian motion, which is in sharp contrast to the standard result that an increase in the uncertainty postpones the optimal timing. With an increase in the immigrants over the past ten years, workforces in the host countries have been growing significantly to the extent that the immigrants represent 70% of the increase in the workforce in Europe, and 47% in the United States as OECD indicates. In the present paper, we attempted to investigate the effect of increased uncertainty caused by the growi...
发表评论
阅读全文

Education Policy Implementation: A Mechanism for Enhancing Primary Education Development in Zanzibar

Education is one of the fundamental rights of individuals; therefore, the government of a country needs to develop and strengthen educational policy and quality as well as to ensure that everyone has equal access to basic education. The improvement of access and quality of education in the world is becoming as an essential factor in development, whereas the basic education (primary school), is acknowledged as a foundation of the higher educational development for every country. To fulfill this goal, governments introduce several policies and procedures; however, it requires some reforms and participation from the politician, policymakers, and other stakeholders to re-examine educational policy so that it can lead to multiplication and betterment of the reforms. Educational reforms actually focus on accountability. A positive educational development and reform is very challenging and needs more effort and strategy on how to use and utilize the resources effectively as such it can achie...
发表评论
阅读全文